Social Norm Violation.Entering one’s Apartment without Knocking Essay Example for Free

Social Norm Violation.Entering ones Apartment without strike hard EssaySocial Norm Violation.Entering ones Apartment without KnockingIntroductionBarkow, (1978) defined sociable norms as behaviours that the society expects from its habits. Therefore, when people demonstrate these social norms in the public, the society observes them with satisfaction and acceptance. Consequently, when the social norms are violated or confused, people react strangely or become annoyed. For the social norm violation assignment, I had a pool of ideas, walking on the wrong array of the footpath, reading in the elevator, eating sloppily and so on. However, my desire was to violate a norm that will make me act in the most unremarkable way.However, for this assignment, I decided to violate the social norm of entering into peoples apartment without seeking their welcome or without knocking at their doors. Typically, in my society people knock at the door and waits patiently for a response from the own ers of the apartment. Ideally, one will wait until someone responds come inn ahead stepping inside the apartment. Therefore, I made up my mind and entered the apartment without knocking. Besides, I decided to act comfortably like the residents or tenants of the apartments that I could make myself at home.So, to make sure that I could not be accused of trespass or entering someones home as a stranger, I decided to ask my friend Daniel to keep me company. Previously, I had visited his apartment on one occasion with another classmate for a dinner. At this moment, it was obvious that I was not a frequent visitor of the apartment to comfortably feel at home or walk in without knocking at the door.When I decided to implement my experiment for the anthropology class, I decided to take to his apartment. As I approached his door, I was a little bit shaken of what will flow once I was in the house. Furthermore, his blinds were shut and, therefore, it was difficult to predict whether he was at home or I would find Sam, his friend whom they stay with. afterward a standstill outside on the door for a couple of minutes, I managed to summon adequate courage and finally entered.My experience when I entered was astonishing. right off after I stepped inside the house, the room went on a silent mode. It seemed that his family members were in the middle of delicate or assuredial information and had no signs of act in my intruding or presence. I had kept for a couple of seconds before I inquired if Daniel was home. Luckily, he was in the backyard sorting some staff. One of his family members rush to get him as I remained seated with the rest of his family members. Notably, they still wore a shocking look on their faces because I kept myself at home by comfortably getting seated on the pew. Honestly, they appeared quite annoyed as I could observe from the experience reflection point of view (Holy Stuchlik, 2006). When Daniel approached, I had already prepared a question to a sk him and depart the awkward apartment.Throughout the experiment, my experience remained awkward, and I remained ashamed of my act. In truth, I was idealess that violation of such a small societal norm of knocking before entering to ones apartment could severely upset people or the inhabitants. However, I was confident because my friend Daniel was well aware of my intentions. Later in the yeting, I called him and requested him to explain to his family members that it was a course experiment for my university studies. I hope he explained the dapple to and the information for this assignment to his family members so that my reputation can be rehabilitated in their minds and salvaged.At the end of the experiment, I realized that people get terribly annoyed, confused and even show their anger if you enter their apartment without their knowledge, a sentiment equally observed by Hamnett, (2007). Even though I felt weird faulting the social norm, I concluded that my weird feelings repr esented all that was happening than the specific act of violating the norm. I have to confess that it was not enjoyable at first, but it did assist me realize how people in my society value the protection of their social norms. It is something I would never attempt to do by choice, and if I spot someone doing the act, I will feel so weird and disappointed in him or her.ConclusionIt is comparative to mention that the experience of violating the social norm through entering into Daniels apartment without knocking was uncomfortable and embarrassing. However, I enjoyed the experience after the family members of the apartment salvaged my reputation. When I went back on a normal visit, we revisited our experiences with lots of fun. Honestly, I later learned that the experiment was enjoyable. It is interesting norm in my society that is well safeguarded for ethical purposes in the society. Overall, it was a utter(a) experience, planning it made me anxious and nervous but once I implemente d it I gained the experience.ReferencesBarkow, J. H. (January 01, 1978). Social norms, the self, and sociobiology Building on the ideas of A. I. Hallowell. Current Anthropology.Hamnett, I. (2007). Social anthropology and law. capital of the United Kingdom Academic Press.Holy, L., Stuchlik, M. (January 01, 2006). Anthropological data and social reality. Anthropology in Theory Issues in Epistemology.Source document

Marriages and Families Essay Example for Free

Marriages and Families EssayCourse DescriptionWelcome to Marriage and the Family Online (SOCIO 210-IN1/IN2) As the course rubric suggests, we forget explore key sociological concepts related to the social institution of marriage and the family. Individual success in this online course will come to those who ar self-disciplined and work collaboratively to make the course a success. I look forward to working with all of you as we try to make sense of the manhoods social forces and their impact on individual lives within marriages and the family.The Colleges formal course description for SOCIO 101 states This course provides an understanding of sociological concepts, theories, and research methods in relation to marriage and family issues. It focuses on the ever-changing dynamics of relationships and the influence of present-day(a) society on family life. Special emphasis is placed on communication in relationships, dating and mate selection, love, parenting, balancing work and family, violence in relationships, and divorce (Official Course Description, Prairie State College 2012-2014 Catalog).Course ObjectivesStudents who complete SOCIO 210 will be fitted to1. Apply the major sociological perspectives to marriage and family issues. 2. controvert the importance of communication, power, and gender in shaping relationships and family dynamics. 3. Explain the diversity of experiences for couples and families, with attention to issues of social class, race/ethnicity, age, versed orientation, and the life course. 4. Describe the impact of other social institutionssuch as the economy, education, religion, and the legal systemon marriages and families. 5. Identify the key issues related to family violence, divorce, and successful marriages. 6. Discuss the trends involving single-parent families, remarriage, and blended families. 7. Demonstrate skills of public deliberation within context of on-line classroom discussions. 8. Demonstrate critical thinking sk ills by dint of writing.9. Articulate viewpoints on contemporary sociological issues affecting marriages and families.Classroom PoliciesAbsence Policy As stated in the Prairie State College Board policies Regular class attendance is an essential part of successful learning. Students are responsible for prompt attendance and participation in all class meetings of every course for which they are registered. Students have the responsibility to signature professors in case of unavoidable absence. Attendance in this online course is linked to your consistent and meaningful participation in online discussions and timely completion of assignments and chapter tryzes.Late or Missed Work/Plagiarism In order to receive full reference work, all assignments must be completed and submitted by the due date. Partial credit may (or may not) be accepted for work submitted after the deadline. Plagiarism, or other forms of cheating, will not be tolerated and students in violation will ease up the assignment and face possible failure of the course. Meeting deadlines is an essential element of this online course. Once a deadline passes, there is no longer access to the course assignment. For example, if a student fails to complete an attempt on a 45-point Chapter Quiz, then that student earns zero points for that assignment. Missing 45 points may have significant negative consequences on a final grade.Evaluation of Student PerformanceOnline Chapter Quizzes (630 points)Our text includes 16 chapters. For each chapter, there is a Chapter Quiz. Each Chapter Quiz includes 15 multiple survival or true/false questions and each question is worth 3 points (45 points/quiz). For the first half(prenominal) of the course, which covers Chapters 1-8, I count the best 7 Chapter Quiz hemorrhoid toward your final grade. The Chapter 8 Quiz is an opportunity to improve on an earlier quiz score on one of the previous seven quizzes. For the sechalf of the course, which covers Chapters 9-16, I a lso count the best 7 Chapter Quiz scores toward your final grade. The Chapter 16 Quiz is an opportunity to improve on an earlier quiz score for Ch. 9-15. In total, I count 14 quiz scores, each worth 45 points for a total of 630 points.Please note that there is a time limit of 15 minutes (with a 2-minute grace period) to complete each Chapter Quiz. The purpose of this is so that students do not rely on their textbooks for answering all of the questions. You may use your book, provided you must read the chapter prior to taking the quiz so that you can move fairly quickly through the 15 questions and finish within the time limit. In fact, given the high value of these Chapter Quizzesaccounting for over 60% of the total points in the courseI strongly recommend that you read the chapter closely twice prior to taking the quiz. Points will be deducted for going past the 2-minute grace period (one point entailment for each minute over). I do allow two attempts, with the highest score coun ting toward a students final grade. I encourage discipline the chapter a third time if you are disappointed with the outcome of your first attempt. Deadlines for Chapter Quizzes are typically on Sundays at 1159 p.m.Examinations (200 points)There is a Mid-Term Examination covering Chapters 1-8 and there is a Final Examination covering Chapters 9-16. Each exam includes 40 questions, worth 2.5 points apiece. Each exam is valued at 100 points. There is a 45-minute time limit with a 5-minute grace period. For each minute taken beyond grace period, one point will be deducted from score.Online Class-based preachings (170 points)For this part of the course, students participate in weeklong online conversations about the textbook material or about sociological assignments that are connected to the course material. The look of these conversations is to encourage a close reading of our Henslin text and to reach a deeper understanding the sociological perspective on human behavior. Past stud ents have authentically enjoyed hearing the thoughts and perspectives from their fellow classmates.There are several class-based Discussions throughout the course. The first one involves Student Introductions and takes place during Week 1 (worth 20 points). The next quin Discussions are spread out over the course of the semester (Weeks 3, 5, 7, 11, and 13). Each of these Discussions is valued at 30 points and takes place across a 7-day period running from Monday-through-Sunday. The Discussion forum is split into two stages, with the first stage ending on Thursday (1159 p.m.) and the second stage ending on Sunday (1159 p.m.).First stage posts of 300 or more words are due on Thursday (worth 15 points), and at least three second stage posts of 50-75 words each (5 points each 15 points total) are due on Sunday. Your first stage posts will respond to the writing prompt I post for each Discussion, typically a question or set of questions. Again, as with the completion of chapter quizzes , the key challenge is meeting the deadlines. I will do my best to post points earned for the Discussions on the Monday morning following the Sunday night deadline for second stage posts. There will be a set Discussion offered during Week 15 of the semester.Here is a breakdown of the components of the course and point valueOnline Chapter Quizzes (14 at 45 points each)630 points Online Discussions (5 at 30 points plus 20 points for Intros)170 points Mid-term Examination (40 questions at 2.5 points each)100 points Final Examination (40 questions at 2.5 points each)100 points When assigning Final Grades, I will use the following point rangesA=900-1000 pointsB=800-899 pointsC=700-799 pointsD=580-699 pointsF=0-579 pointsSome Final ThoughtsOne of the challenges of online learning involves the issue of communication. In a traditional face-to-face course, everyone meets on a weekly pedestal and those meetings are reminders of our course commitments. In the online environment, communicatio n is different. I communicate frequently via email, with Email Updates almost every week and sometimes more than once a week. The D2L system links your PSC email accounts to the class so when I send an email to all users the breeding is sent to the PSC email accounts of the 40+ students enrolled in this course. This information is very important and your accessing it is essential. Please note that it is possible to have your PSC email forwarded to another email addressmaybe even to your mobile phonebut I want to make clear that it is your responsibility to access the information I send to you.Whenever you have questions, contact me by email (emailprotected-1) or by phone (709-3625). Keep in mind that it is essential that you participate on a consistent basis throughout the course in order to be successful. Good luck, hold on to you hats, and enjoy what I hope will be a challenging and meaningful learning experience

Engagement Letters Essay Example for Free

Engagement Letters EssayEngagement letters are a great(p) tool to enhance and clarify expectations between certified public accountants and their clients. When engagement letters are used consistently, they can help build client relationships. CPAs can also use them as a marketing tool, letting the client know what go they are being offered, and identifying supplemental services that may be beneficial to them. Such as discussing in the engagement letter for a tax client that tax planning services could be offered with a new signed engagement letter. Professional StandardsWhile the AICPA does not require engagement letters, the standards do discuss establishing an understanding with the client, and it is preferable that this communication be written. Protection from Legal Liability Engagement letters can be a good basis of defense in the event of a malpractice claim. Also, if the mean users are identified in the engagement letter, it can limit those who can sue the CPA for use of the work product in some states. Our fuddled does not happen to be consistent with getting signed engagement letters before services are performed.Recently, we did some valuation services for maven of our larger clients that was quite intensive and took a good deal of time. The client received the information and then the bill. He called and told the CPA that was working with him that he did not ask for the valuation services to be done that he was just asking about much(prenominal) services. This is interesting, since the client forwarded the information necessary to complete the services. However, such confusion could have been avoided had a signed engagement letter been in place for the valuation services. I also really like the idea of using them as a marketing tool.Engagement Letters Why Use One? Retrieved from http//www. proaccess1. com/downloads/CPA_Engagement_Letters_Why. pdf What is audit risk? Audit risk equals inherent risk times control risk multiplied by detect ion risk. Inherent and control risk cannot be controlled by the auditor as they are a manoeuver of the client and its internal control environment. Detection risk is however a function of the effectiveness of the audit procedures performed. Misstatements that make it by means of the clients controls and through the audit would be considered the audit risk.

The Changing Nature Of Public Diplomacy Media Essay

The Changing Nature Of Public Diplomacy Media EssayIn this read I de vocalization attempt to respond to several questions. The first Is Public Diplomacy is the right tool to change world creed toward Iraq. If the finding that it will be possible which will lead to the second question which What the ideal action plan for Iraq Public delicacy? The third question will be How can g all overnment policy retracers apply this strategic tool? Certainly, the initial stages of this process will be complex.The objective of this paper to be presented on after stage as policy proposal for the Iraqi politics. The select begins by exploring the concept of PD and why Iraq should consider establishing PD in the foreign ministry, and its touch on on Iraq foreign policy. It then and introduces the diverse methods of matter nature building. In doing so, this dissertation suggests to consider a way of understanding international relations, which is open upation of national contrive building through public diplomacy.Finally, based on the findings of a pilot study and online survey focusing on the national mountain chain of Iraq, this study proposes establishing a PD discussion section (PDD) within the foreign ministry and suggestion on how to deploy public with a case studyIntroductionMotivationAlthough write up management has historically been restricted to companies or other organisational entities, countries are in addition increasingly concerned with their theme relative to other countries and sport started to actively prise and manage that genius.For an entity to achieve a certain desired reputation bug outcome, it has to manage as much of its exposure to various target groups. That would mean, for example, steering media coverage by closely supervising what information is made public.Iraqs reputation abroad has dramatically deteriorated. Iraq is the only nation in the Arab world whose new-formed democratic system is constantly existence challenged, and c onstantly been projected as rustic with no national identity, Iraqi leaders are oft dates compared to Saddam and Iraqi actions a befoolst the terrorist and insurgent are very much described as politically motivated policies. Conditions in Iraq are often compared with those that existed in Vietnam.Why national reputation matters?National reputation is unquestionably an operator of power. Managing national reputation and nation-states relationship with stakeholders overseas has been an integral part of foreign-policy making and public diplomacy, national reputation has a direct impact on international relations of a nation and its national policies, ranging from political, economic to cultural (Gilboa, 2006)Yet the Iraqi government has failed to prevent the deterioration of Iraqs motion-picture show and reputation in the world. The main reason is the lack of awareness and understanding of the critical role PD plays in contemporary international relations. In the information age, national reputation has start a critical asset and soft power has become a major instrument of foreign policy1. Communication, education and persuasion are the headspring techniques of foreign relations, not military force. Even the US, the sole superpower, is slowly learning this hard lesson in the Iraq war. National reputation is what messs nearly the world think roughly a states conduct and behaviour. Therefore, a grand system in international conflict requires the integration and application of three fundamental components force, diplomacy and communication. The last component, communication, may even be the decisive factorPurposeMy interest in the p position field rose from an awareness that the level and volume of coverage on Iraq had freehanded enormously in the past eight years and as such, my awareness of the subject itself had grown too. After a period of widely reading almost and studying PD and analysing Public diplomacy strategy in country like in the south A frica, Colombia, Denmark and Israel and how those countries where able to improve there image abroad, it was my belief that this area need to be explore for the benefit of new Iraq and that a by writing a dissertation I could carry out may offer little or nothing to the sheer quantity and wealth of studies, debates and articles that already existed on these topics. By contrast, it was my understanding that Iraq reputation and the foreign audience perception on Iraq in the media was a relatively misrepresented and the area of PD hast been explored and researched by the Iraqi policy makers and as such, it was my belief that if I undertook an examination of the topic I could contribute something on how the national image can be restored.What is more, my growing interest about PD concept, coupled with a doubt bout how Iraq been presented on the media and abroad led me to question various things about why Iraq reputation and national image has been deteriorated abroad2and why the Iraqi government dont a strategy in restoring the national image.Is what is macrocosm reported fact or conjecture? How accurate is people perception on Iraq?The fact that Iraq has been for so much time in the news since the regime change has placed Iraq in the centre of the world map, a privilege most third-world countries will never have. After impinging headlines for years, people know very well what Iraq is and where it is, this pre-existing knowledge is a valuable asset, and as such an asset any PD campaign for Iraq should capitalize on.Are the news and image reported precise and helpful or misleading and distorting? Why does there appear to be more reporting on the effects of war on Iraq than the improvement since the regime change? Why are there so many reports about how hopeless Iraq is becoming and that Iraq depository financial institution survive without the support of the US?ObjectivesThese questions, among some more specific ones which I will detail later, are some of the r easons that I began to be interested in the way how PD can help the Iraqi government in communicating with foreign publics in an attempt to bring the foreign public ad crush outed to home and educate them about the New Iraq, its nations ideas and ideals, its institutions and culture, as well as its national goals and up-to-date policies.My concern was about the level of information people gain from the news then I studied the news and its role as a system of information. As such, the focus of this study, examining how informative the print press was during my chosen examine and the themes that were of predominant focus of debate.The questions I would like to address are How Iraq been reported and represented in the media what were the media interests on Iraq? In exploring the core group themes and topics in the sample I will be able to distinguish what the public perception and therefore what audiences and policy makers will understand of the messages in the press. By dealing w ith these questions I will be able to conclude why Iraq government should aggrievedly peruse on forming a PD department at the MFA and that strategy of PD that the department can take to deploy the PD policy and how can be benefited prior to hosting the gulf cup in 2013Literature StudyIn this I will be iinvestigating the domain of literature currently available on the fields of Nation image and PD has shown to be rather problematic, with both disciplines being still vastly understudied. While the empirical section of this study deals exclusively with those concepts, there are a few surrounding disciplines which at least crash into the margins of the germane(predicate) field and thus should also be discussedImages of NationsOne school of thought investigates a concept similar to country reputation, namely the images of nations, or countries. perchance the most exhaustive study conducted in this field is the book Images of nations and international public relations by Michael Kuncz ik written in 1990. Here, Kunczik discusses the idea that the world is a large and complex communication ne devilrk (199017) in which the mass media cannot be treated in isolation. He contingents out that although practically anything can contribute to forming an image of another nation (Kunczik, 199018), there are ways for public relations to remove prejudices between peoples.In the old days one could win over an empire by marrying, today you can win over peoples by a leading article. But according to Kunczik, is because the mass media is continuously feeding people images of nations (199020).Another observation he makes (199021) is the large amount of money that is fed into international image cultivation. This, according to Kunczik, shows how important governments rate the kind of an image their country, government or policies project abroad.One of the first times the term national public relations was used explicitly was in 1978 whenHerzog, Israels ambassador to the United Nati ons, commented thatfrom the point of view of national public relations the Israeli policy of settling the occupied territories won in wars with the Arabs had done more damage than anything else (Koschowitz 1984 as cited in Kunczik 199021).For purposes of this literature study, it is important also to point out the observation Kunczik makes about the then-current state of research in the area of image cultivation by states. consort to him, the book published in 1965, International behaviour. A social-psychological analysis by Kelman still ranked the definitive study in that field when Kunczik wrote his work in 1990. After pointing out very few other publications dealing with Image cultivation of nations, Kunczik concludes thatFundamentallythe literature situation on the subject area communicate here is poor because public relations activities tend to be especially successful the less they are recognisable as such. Very often, therefore, scientifically non-serious sources have to be resorted to such as newspaper reports, personal statements etc. (Kunczik, 199024).Since this publication, Kunczik has done a number of studies following up on his idea of images of nations, focussing often on the international image of crisis countries. In his most recent study, Images of Nations and Transnational Public likenesss of Governments with Special reference to the Kosovo, presented at a symposium in 2004, Kunczik points out in the introduction that the mass medias reality is not literal reality and very often does not correspond to real happenings.Mass media constructs a erupt reality. That criteria used to construct this reality are the so called news values. But for the recipients, who have no primary access to most things reported on, this constructed world becomes factual reality.Even in this, Kuncziks latest study, he points out the relationship between news media and images of nations is not well researched.One study that could be particular relevant to the topi c of this study was Is the Media Being Fair in Iraq? by The Center for Strategic and International Studies and the Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyiIn this study it was found that the Iraq image was still suffering under coups and earthquakes style of coverage, and that histographic cultural perceptions continued to affect the trend of international news coverage of Iraq by the foreign press (which include Arabic Media).This study is not only served to provide raw data that to could help to understand how Iraq been portrayed abroad in both Arab and horse opera world. But also to assess the degree to which typical tones of stories might reflect the political agendas of publisher, owners, editors and news anchors and other key media figures.While the above-mentioned study and those laying the ground-work of images of nations appear to provide a foundation to a dissertation on Will PD fix Iraq reputation can, it is of crucial importance to highlight that the hypothesis to be fol lowed is that of country reputation, not images of a country. While the two concepts of reputation and image are often confused as having the same meaning, they are in fact two distinguishable terms whose differences should be realised.Image versus characterReputation, as opposed to image, is seen as a strategic concept parted around long-term impressions of an organisation built around a number of corporate images and actions (Fombrun Shanley, 1990). Already then, the idea crystallised that there was a difference between the two concepts while images were regarded as having a stationary nature, reputations were seen as dynamic.In their recent book Reputation in Artificial Societies Social Beliefs for Social Order, Conte and Paolucci develop the core of their reputation theory upon this difference between image and reputation. The authors point out that reputation cannot be seen as a static attribute, rigidly codified as footprints of social hierarchy. Reputation rather consists of dynamic properties because reputation attribution is a mental process that takes place within communication processes. According to the authors, image is conceived as a set of appraising(prenominal) beliefs about a given target and reputation as the process and effect of transmission of the image. Image is seen as an evaluative belief and is said to be a static system, while reputation is a meta belief that carries no reference to the acceptance of established beliefs (Conte Paolucci, 2002).Public RelationThe public relations practice also sees vast differences between Image and Reputation two misunderstood siblings that need better management (PR influences, 2003). While image on the one hand is built, costs money, is fast and opportunistic, reputation is earned, is an asset, is careful and industrious. In the words of Brown in A Sound Reputation,Reputationis a dynamic, not static, quality it changes as individual opinions change. And there are two drivers of opinion change di rect experience and indirect experience (20051).Brown also points out that the most common form of indirect experience is media coverage, which is an important finding for this study (20031). In a paper titled Reputation and the incorporated Brand (Argenti Druckenmiller, 2004369), image is defined as a reflection of an organisations identity and its corporate brand, or more specifically, the organisation as seen from one stakeholder groups point of view.Depending on which stakeholder is convolute, an organisation can have many different images. Reputation, on the other hand, is defined in that study as the collective representation of multiple constituencies stakeholder groups images of a company, built up over time and based on a companys identity programmes, its performance and how constituencies have perceived its behaviour. In short, images are seen as multiple, stationary reflections of an organisations identity and its corporate brands while reputation is the dynamic, colle ctive representation of the various images of a corporation as perceived by different stakeholders. While an image is a fixed set of beliefs about a corporation, reputation changes as individual opinions change.Considering the large body of literature that highlights the differences between image and reputation, it is indeed soi-disant if the studies that fall under images of nations are in fact relevant to a study on Iraq reputation. While image, as the above definitions point out, is indeed a part of reputation, it is not reputation per se. Most literature dealing explicitly with the concepts of country reputation measurement and management today, are derived from the school of corporate reputation measurement and management, however, I will be only discussing the country reputation which relevant to this study should next be discussed.Country ReputationCountry Reputation ManagementAlready in 1999, Olins compiled a pamphlet titled Trading Identities Why Countries and Companies ar e becoming more alike. Here, Olins puts forward the ideaAs countries develop their national brands to compete for investment, trade and tourism, mega-merged global companies are using nation-building techniques to achieve internal cohesion across cultures and are becoming ever more involved in providing public services like education and health (19991).Pharoah writes in Building and Managing Reputation for Countries thatCountries are increasingly realising that reputation matters and if reputation matters, then reputation needs to be managed.According to Pharoah, the governments of today areIncreasingly becoming the brand managers of their country (Pharoah, 20041).These findings lead to the idea that instruments used to manage and measure companies could be argued to apply to countries as well.Country Reputation MeasurementApplying reputation measurement theories to countries was adopted on through a research survey which was conducted by The Media nervous strain on behalf of the South African government, with the results being published in 2000. The studys missioniiwas to establish a framework for South Africa to effectively manage its Public diplomacy and its vision to To further strengthen confidence in South Africas ability to host a successful FIFA 2010 World CupIn cooperation with International selling council (IMC),iiideveloped a tool according to which South Africa reputation was measured and the findings used to devise a framework for the active management of South Africas reputation and perception prior to the world cup 2010.The tool applied was an adapted version of Media Tenor used to measure the media coverage for ogranisations and countries. The method is composed of opinion leading media, along this method, a Analysis of all texts in opinion leading mediathen questionnaire was designed, using Media Tenor reputation, measuring foreign public perceptions of South Africa and its competitive set, the same questionnaire was used to determine the p erception of South Africa residents. That allowed the researchers to identify the similarity between internal and external perceptions of the country, or, between identity and reputation. This allowed the team to make recommendations about South Africa future reputation management efforts. The results of the study assisted the IMC team with their communication plan on how to further strengthen confidence in South Africas ability to host a successful FIFA 2010 World Cup. This approach and the instrument developed could be used for the reputation measurement of any countryThey did however, highlight that in order to validate this, further research and more comparable studies would be needed.According to the authors, that tool allows governments to gain insights into which aspects in the perception of the frequent public drive the overall reputation of their country and how can we improved, what are the tools that can implemented, one of the method that south Africa launched was their Brand South Africa program, which also was part of the PD strategy towards improving the foreign public perception. The core of the Brand South Africa is a three-step framework whereby the first step incorporates a diagnosis of the current state of the countrys reputation, the second designing a future state thereof and thirdly managing the PD strategy.

Critical Evaluation of the research methodologies

Critical Evaluation of the question methodologies1. IntroductionIn this report I pack critic each(prenominal)y reviewed the methodologies which be used by Chevrier in her look for paper. In this paper I realize revealed whether she has used the correct methodology for her research or non, whether her evidence support her findings or not and I have mentioned an alternative methods to improve her conclusion.Chevrier paper aims at better understanding the dynamics of global intercommunicate congregations and she focuses on how offer loss leaders manage the pagan differences to overcome and to use national cultures, ethnic diversity efficiently and effectively in the transnational nominate team. In her research she has depict three kinds of cross- pagan practices which were implemented by the shed leaders. With these findings she has proposed a schema to enhance the functioning of cross-cultural projects.I think the methodology which she has used in this research i.e. e vent battleground is largely fine provided not an effective one instead of this if she had used Grounded theory methodology for this research it would have been much more than(prenominal) better research.I consider that the three field studies which she has chosen is not a typical one of every(prenominal) the multinational project crowds.I argue that the Data assembly technique which she has used in this research i.e. informal discussion is not a good technique to watch the data from participant.I argue that the dodge which she has proposed doesnt hold good for all types of cross-cultural project groups. 2. Literature reviewResearch provide be a tricky, fascinating, awkward, tedious, annoying, hilarious, confusing, disturbing, mechanical, sociable, isolating, surprising, sweaty, messy, systematic, costly, draining, iterative, contradictory, open-ended operate (Anthias, 2002)Methodology is identical to a research model employed by a police detective in a particular pro ject, including basic knowledge tie in to the subject and research methods in question and the framework employed in a particular context (Sarantakos, 1998 cited Lather, 199287). Sarantakos (1998) relates the nature of Methodology to a theoretical and more abstract context, and perceives it in conjuction with distinctive, unidimensional, and mutually exclusive theoretical principles. Methodologies offers the research principles which are related closely to a distinct paradigm translated clearly and accurately, down to guidelines on acceptable research practices. Methodology is determined not by the research model but rather by principles of research entailed in a paradigm.Case-study research involves studying individual cases, often in their natural surround, and for a long period of time and employs a number of methods of data collection and analysis. (Sarantakos, 1998 cited Kromrey, 1986320)3. Critical abstract of her MethodologyIn this research the Methodology which is used b y Chevrier is Case study. I think to do this research survey studies or experimental strategies pull up stakes be too complex to implement, this is the main yard for Sylvie to choose Case study as the Methodology for this research. Generally case studies are done by a researcher when he/she is interested in the structure, process and outcomes of a single unit. (Sarantakos, 1998) Case studies are done by a researcher when he/she wants to extract data from a single field of study.Here Chevrier has chosen engineering (i.e. three Project groups) as a field of study in which she has extracted the data and processed into information in which it go away fit into the research topic. only when this research topic petitions to do study on all contrastive kinds of field but Sylvie hasnt done it, this is the main drawback of this research paper. In this research Chevrier focuses on how project leaders deal with cultural differences to surmount and even eudaimonia from the variety of nati onal cultures in their team. They have studied three cross-cultural practices that the project leaders explicitly or implicitly use to manage their international team and to a fault studied the related outcomes from these practices.I think some methods and techniques which are used by Chevrier in her research paper doesnt holds good to the research topic.I think the samples(case studies) which she has chosen for this research doesnt sounds well because she has chosen only three international project groups to study the cross-cultural practices which are implemented in the team and moreover all these three project groups has the equivalent background i.e. engineering. I believe unspoiled three project groups of the same background go away not give a good weightage to her research paper. This is mainly because former(a) than these three project groups there are different types of multinational project groups in which they are directly related to the cross-cultural management which I think she should have taken into this research paper. This research paper is pointing towards Multinational groups but the project groups which she has chosen has only multitude who are from European countries and Brasil, it misses out people who are from Asia, Africa and Australia.In this field work data is collected from Formal call into questions, attendance to their clashings as a participant observer and informal discussions. I think the Primary data obtained from the formal interviews with project leaders and project members impart be utile to analyse the data in this research and this data is important because the members of the project groups are the one who will be following cross-cultural practices and they will be knowing whether these practices are useful or not .In her research she has used participant observer as a data collection technique. I think it is a good technique for collecting the data in this research. Since her team will be a part of the cross-cultur al group so they can observe easily how the team members/ theatre directors will behave and whether they are following the cross-cultural practices or not. They have attended even meetings to collect the data I think this is the place where they might have got a good data because this is a place where they can observe whether the managers and leaders are following cross-cultural practices or are they giving any importance to it or not. Chevrier and her team was also present daily among the project groups particularly for project 1(for 2 project weeks) and project 2(for 2 months), I think daily presence in a project group is important because generally people wont behave same way in every time/day and also we cant judge their behavior on cross-cultural practices in a single day. So daily presence in a project group will give a good data for the researcher but interesting point in her data collection is she or her team was not present daily for project team 3 but they were present o nly in project team 1 2 and that to in project team 1 they were present daily with team for unspoilt 2 project weeks, so I dont think within these 2 weeks they have collected a strong data because in just 2 weeks it is less practical to summarize their behaviour. I think the primary data which they have collected in project team 2 will be useful because for 2 months they were daily present with the team so with this time they will be in a better position to judge their behaviour with respect to cross-cultural.I also think that the Informal discussion which she has used in this research is not an effective technique. I agree this technique partly and I also disagree partially. I think this technique should be used depending on the situation in the working environment if the working environment is not so good then there is no use of having discussion with them because the interviewee whitethorn give answers simply just to pass time. I think they should use only when the team memb ers are in a good mood and moreover this discussions will take place mainly during lunch time of the employees, this is the time where most of the employee will relax, spend time with their colleagues and chat with them, if Chevrier and her group starts to discuss with these employees then most of them wont be interested and they will just say something or they will give less answers so that the discussion will be over fast. She has analysed the collected data by Cutting of Tran indite interviews and meeting notes by theme. She has prepared a monograph for for each one and every theme which I think its a good idea and it will be useful for comparing all the themes. This type of comparison will help to find out the common and uncommon features of all the cases 4. Will her evidence support her findings?I think the evidence which she has used in Case 1 will support her findings. This is a project group of European consortium format up to make RD in the telecommunication industry. T he contract which is signed by these companies designates one company as a primary contractor which will appoint a project leader among its engineers. We know that the newly appointed project leader has no hierarchical authority over the other partners due to this he/she cannot demand anything from other partners, infact he/she cant expect that other partners will involve totally (100% commitment) in this project and there is also a possibility that this may also lead to lack of institutional management with the other partners. In this project the leader has to take some technical decisions in which sometimes it may not be accepted by the other partners as she found this from Northern Europe and especially from Scandinavia that they only speak up when they disagree with what is macrocosm said. These project groups were not totally involved in the project. In this case the project leader has no choice he has to tolerate with these kinds of partners. This is what Chevrier has found that the leader explicitly or implicitly relies on tolerance of team members to surmount difficulties.The project group (RD consortium) has people from different countries definitely all of them will have different opinion on Cross-cultural activity. Some may tolerate the diversity and some may not. Chevrier has found out different opinions from the interviewees e.g. In multinational teams some team members tend to for get the nationality of their colleague to focus on technical issues. Oppositely, the second part of interviewees says that they make their best to struggle against prejudices, stereotypes and ethnocentrism.In the second case of Chevrier it is said that the greatest difficulty for the project manager is to make the work required for his own project a priority for team members who are very much in demand. If this is the case most of the manager tries to protect his team members to work in his project because every manager will have some task to complete, so to do this t ask without skilled workers in his team it will be difficult for him to complete it. If the manager couldnt maintain these workers in his team then there is every chance of showing less interest in the project. This is what happened to Swiss manager as it is told in Chevrier paper that Swiss manager straightforwardly declared he did not want to make any difference and was careful to manage all team members the same way. Chevrier has also backed up this argument by giving the reference of Laurent (1998), we observed that when managers encounter cross-cultural differences, they often do nothing and consider that it is legitimate not to rag about them.In case 1 the main job of the project leader is to maintain a strong institutional management with the other partners. Since the leader doesnt have the hierarchical authority over the other partners it will be difficult to manage all the other partners. His main job is to get the task done, since he doesnt has the upper hand over other p roject members it will be difficult for him to give orders for other groups to complete the job. In chevriers research, for this bother she has founded that developing own(prenominal) relationship with one another in a team will set up working arrangements more easily. If they know each other very well, it will help them to become acquainted with one other. This strategy will suit only for RD consortium project group because in this project all its partners doesnt know each other so this strategy may enable effective mutual agreements between all the partners. But it doesnt suit for Electrical engineering project infact it can reinforce negative stereotypes and polarization between cultural groups. This is true because in this project the Swiss manager straightforwardly declared that he did not want to make any difference and was interested to manage all team members the same way, if this strategy (developing personal relationship) is implemented in this project group it may resul t in other way because due to less involvement by Swiss manger there is a more chance of negative stereotypes and polarization between cultural groups. This may lead in such a way that project may not complete.The strategy which is proposed in this paper by Chevrirer (cultural mediator) suits good for some multinational project groups but for some project groups it doesnt. Since in this strategy cultural mediator has to invite the project members quite regularly to find out the exact problem, this is possible only when all the project members are meeting together quite regularly at some place but this strategy cannot be applied to some multi-national groups where the project members wont meet regularly. However, in a multi national group most of the time the project groups will be from different countries so it is not practical to implement this strategy because all groups are from different countries and also it will be difficult for all the members to attend the meeting if it is put up by cultural mediator. As we can see in RD consortium group all the team members meet each other only four or five times a year. During these weeks all the project members will be busy with other partners about their plan and objectives in their project. So if this strategy is applied to this group then cultural mediator will not find sufficient time to spend with the team members to talk about their problematic situations which have encountered. I think this strategy can be applied to the project team in electrical engineering because this team is composed of a project manager, engineers who are all set(p) in a single building but in a different floor. In this team cultural mediator can easily set up a meeting with the team members and find out the problematic situations which have encountered. Even in the product development project have subsidiaries which are located in different countries such as Germany, France, Belgium and Italy and co-ordinating the development process is in charge by central group which is located in the cut subsidiary. So even in this project group cultural mediator will find difficult to set up a meeting to talk about their problematic situations which have encountered. I think she has not justified all the problems which will occur in the multinational group. For e.g. Race can be a problem in the group. Merriam et.al. in their research has found that Racism was the specific dominating factor in cross cultural groups.Color As an issue of concern amongst Blacks, colorism is examined and debated in Black communities in a less than open manner. This intraracial discrimination among Blacks gives preferential treatment to those who have lighter skin shades. (Merriam et.al)5. substitute MethodologyI think Grounded theory analysis will be a better approach for this research because in this research topic we hold to analyse more number of case studies, interviews and observation so I think grounded theory will be the best methodolo gy for this research.Another reason for using grounded theory techniques is Grounded theorising is well suited to capturing the interpretive experiences of owner/managers/employees and developing theoretical propositions from them. Rowlands B. (2005 cited from Strauss Corbin 1990) From the in a higher place reason we can say that, Since Chevriers research is related to the cross-cultural practices which are followed by Leaders, Managers, and Team members, so this methodology will be very useful in gathering and analysing the data. Similarly, Grounded theory has been effectively used in recent Information System research to develop theory of Information System practice. Rowlands B. (2005 cited from Urquhart et.al., 1997)In choosing the International project groups Chevrier has chosen the groups in which all groups has the same background i.e. Engineering. Instead of choosing three project groups from a single background she could have chosen three project groups from different fiel ds. Because choosing a sample project group which is typical to that environment is very important and the data collected from this typical one will bee much stronger than the data which she has collected from the three Engineering project groups.I think Ethnographic interview will be useful to get valuable data from the interviewee. The main aim of this type of interview is to study the Culture of the people and to find out how it will impact on the people behaviour. It aims to discover or understand the culture of people in their social environment and of explaining the social justification of their role and position in that culture.(Sarantakos, 1998). This interview would have helped her in finding the culture of the project members/leaders and base on her understanding on their culture she could have compared with the Cross-cultural practices which were implemented by the management and she could have got a better result.If Chevrier had used all the above methodology in her res earch, I think this would have improved her research conclusion.6. ConclusionIn this paper I have revealed that the methodology which is used by chevrier for her research is not a good one. I have shown that some of her methodology which she has used is not effective with respect to the research. The three case study which she has chosen in her research is not a typical one because all the case studies had the same background i.e. Engineering, instead of that she could have chosen case studies which are from different background and I also showed that the data collected from participant observation in project group 2 was strong. I showed that the data collected from informal discussion technique was not good. This paper reveals that Ethnographic interview and Grounded theory would have helped her to collect the strong data and to analyse the data which she has collected. I have shown that up to what extent of her evidence will support her findings. In this paper I have also conclude d that her proposed strategy will holds good only if all the project members/groups are in the same company or at least in the same country, it doesnt suit if all the project members/groups are in a different countries. 8. BibliographySarantakos S.,(1998).Social reseach, 2nd edition, Macmillan Education Australia, Chapter 8, pp 33,191,251.Floya Anthias,( 2002) Where do I belong? Narrating collective identity and translocational positionality, Online Accessed from http//etn.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/2/4/491 Accessed on 05/11/07Merriam S., et.al., Power and Positionality Negotiating Insider/Outsider Status in Multicultural and Cross-Cultural Research, Online Accessed from http//merriamsetal1-final.pdf Accessed on 05/11/07Rowlands B., (2005), Grounded in Practice Using interpretative Research to Build Theory, Online Accessed from http//v3-i1-art7-rowlands.pdf Accessed on 03/12/07

Conducting Forensic Assessments

Conducting Forensic AssessmentsThis bailiwick discusses unalike aspects of rhetorical psychology in relation to puerile peculiars by tasking an individual in the consequence study portrayed in the infotainment Murder on a Sunday Morning. This paper provides the brief descriptions of the followingThe representative study in the documentary, including a description of the individual and his rhetorical population.The potential role(s) of a forensic psychologist in relation to the oddball study.The forensic taxment principles that apply to the case study. whatsoever thirdly party information that may be necessary to collect for the forensic assessment of the case study.Ethical and/or multicultural issues and/or considerations cogitate to the case study.An analysis of how a forensic psychologist might best address each of the ethical and/or multicultural issues and/or considerations that are described.What a forensic psychologist might think substantial to consider and/or d etermine when conducting a forensic assessment of the individual in this case study.What the chat ups might think primal to consider and/or determine from a forensic assessment of the individual in this case study.At least two forensic assessment instruments and/or tools that might be used in relation to this case study, with an explanation of why.The constituents that would be included in a forensic assessment report ground on this case study.Which elements from a forensic assessment report based on this case study would be relevant for testimony, and why.The implications that the assessment may rush for the outcome of the caseMurder on a Sunday MorningThis case study is based upon the forensic assessment of the accused individual in the documentary Murder on a Sunday Morning (2001). The crime scene in the documentary portrays Mr. James Stevens checking his wife organism shot and bump off by a young sullen male who was robbing her at the gun point. The assailant committing this crime has been characterized as a six feet tall skinny black male of age in between 20 and 25 years. The police arrested Brenton Butler as a suspect who is a 15 year experient black male although he is much shorter and younger than the actual assailant that the police was looking for. Nevertheless, Butler was suspected of the murder as he was the just now black found draw near the crime scene at that time and creation identified by the victims husband as the assailant who attacked his wife. He was indeed interrogated in the police station in the absence of his parents and was even denied of getting any legal help. Detective Glover interrogated the young man and attempted to make him profess the crime and pressurized him to locate the murder weapon. The detective took Butler to an area of woods close to the crime scene and hit him once on the face and in two ways in the stomach as he was unable to overstretch any information from the suspect. After which, another detecti ve with the name Dwayne Darnell came to work on this case who made Butler sign a pre- pen confession that became a prime evidence for the campaign.The case was therefore picked up by Ann Finnell and Patrick Mc Guinness as universe defenders against the state of Florida, who systematically proved the prosecution wrong on account of insufficient evidence produced for the trial. They proved that the police tortured Butler both psychologically and physically to obtain the written confession from him and that Butler had no motive for the crime, no forensic evidence and no murder weapon were found and neither do Butler turn in any criminal record in the past nor he had any history of risk factors such as little parenting, poverty, cordial disorders, etc., normally observed in criminals (Bartol Bartol, 2011 Burkhead, 2006). Hence, the jury set Butler free as he was not found guilty of the crime after(prenominal) just 45 minutes of discussion although Butler had already spent 6 mon ths of imprisonment during the transactions of the trial. Butler and his family settled for a compensation of 7.75 billion dollars when they actually sued for 8.5 million dollars on account of civil rights violations while the lawyer was punished by the District Judge John H, Moore for not pleading the case appropriately (Schoettler Pinkham, 2002). Later, the real criminal was arrested, trialed and convicted for the crime.Although Butler received justice in the end, however, he would have not passed 6 months in prison if some aspects of forensic psychology had been considered earlier in the trial. Forensic psychological assessment would have been d unmatched to determine Butlers competency to stand trial. Moreover, Butler should have been given the instruments of Dr. Grisso to chthonianstand, assess and appreciate Miranda Rights so that he would have understood the meaning of waiving his rights and possibly would not have made the false confession under pressure (Goldstein, Cond ie, Kalbeitzer, Osman Geier, 2003). government agency of a Forensic PsychologistsThere are just two aspects of forensic psychology that are applicable to the Butler case, which are first to assess the major power of the young suspect (Butler) to waive his Miranda rights and the second to determine Butlers competency to stand trial. Assessment PrinciplesThe important question is that whether or not to apply different standards to assess the competency of a juvenile? Numerous studies along with this documentary Murder on a Sunday Morning have deduced that juveniles should better be assessed and trialed on the basis of their maturity level rather than just following the Dusky Standard for their assessment since their cognitive and reasoning abilities have not been fully authentic as compared to those of the larges. Nevertheless, this issue is still in debate in the circles of the legal system (Ryba, Cooper Zapf, 2003, p500). The forensic psychologists should assess the juvenile su spect irrespective of the standards being followed such that his/her level of understanding the legal proceedings and his/her cognitive mental abilities are measured accurately.I consider that in this case study of the documentary Murder on a Sunday Morning if Butler was found incompetent to stand trial earlier in the proceedings then this would not have been much in favor of Butler since such a mortal is usually sent for treatment until he/she is able to stand trial which may even take several years. As, generally, the homage proceedings would still hold while the suspected juvenile is treated through an outpatient method in order to gain competency to stand trial. Since Butler was innocent in the first place in that respectfore keeping the trial on hold until he becomes competent to stand trial after treatment would have been a great injustice to him (Viljoen Roesch, 2008), perhaps the competency analysis was not done in the documentary overdue to this reason.Another problema tic element of forensic psychology is the issue that who is the client. In general, the person whom the psychologist is treating or assessing is his/her client. Nevertheless, in legal matters as the one portrayed in the documentary Murder on a Sunday Morning, the psychologist is working in collaboration with the legal team to find out the mental level of the suspect and not for the diagnosis or treatment of the suspects problem. Hence, the final report written by the psychologist in this regard could be greatly sloped depending upon the legal-team with which he/she is working and the type of the assessment being conducted. This further signifies that if the psychologist is working with the prosecution then he/she would emphasize over the violent behavior of the suspect in his/her assessment report and thereby, would recommend moving the juvenile suspect to the adult address so that the concentration is applied only to the punishment aspects of the law. On the other hand, if the ps ychologist is working with the defense counsel then he/she would like to keep the juvenile suspect in the juvenile court system so as to assure the provision of proper assistance and treatment for him/her.Third Party InformationThe third party information is likewise very important for a forensic psychologist although most of the information will be acquired from the individual under assessment. The humanity defenders in the case of Butler used his mother as a source for determining the personality and habits of her son due to which, the prosecution case was weakened. As for instance, Butlers mother refuted the statement of Glover (the primary interrogator) that Butler stood up to mash him and said he was glad to see him when he (the detective) entered in to the room, as she reveals that her son is very reserved and normally never hugs strangers. Although this information could have likewise been acquired from a psychologist however its impact was more when the mother herself pr esented it in front of the jury (de Lestrade, 2001). This further indicates that often vital information can be acquired from the third party instead of being available from the client. As the mother pointed out that Butler was very quiet and reserved, hence his short replies to the questions allowed the forensic examiner to extract very little information from him to present to the court.Further, a reanimate certified in front of the jury that the wounds on Butlers body were caused while he was in police custody. Although a forensic psychologist could report this information to the jury as third party information however, in accordance to the 4 Cs of testimony, a psychologist does not have a clinical knowledge about the wounds where as a medical doctor does, therefore the testimony of a medical doctor in this regard would be considered as the stronger evidence. Moreover, a medical doctor could testify that how the wounds were acquired by Butler while a forensic psychologist could not. Thus, the testimony of a medical doctor would pose a better impact on the trial along with ensuring adherence to the 4 Cs of testimony Clarity, Certainty, Case Specificity and clinical Knowledge (Kwartner Boccaccini, 2008).MulticulturalSince Butler became the victim of racial profiling being the only young black male spotted in the area near to the crime scene, this point can be accounted as the only multicultural issue in this forensic study. Although Butler was younger and shorter than the prime suspect of the case but still the police picked him up for scrutiny. This point could be best utilized by the defense attorney but the forensic psychologist could endorse it, by ensuring that this sort of racial profiling is happening quite commonly across the United States, through various case studies.Forensic ConsiderationsAccording to the juvenile court rules, the juveniles caught for committing violent crimes can be easily transferred to an adult court for prosecution, after whi ch they will be confined in adult prisons if found guilty (Brannen et al., 2006). However, there is no provision for trialing a juvenile directly in to the adult court system. In the case of Butler, he was automatically prosecuted in an adult court without being prosecuted in and referred by the juvenile court. It is ambiguous that whether or not the necessary measures were followed for transferring him to the adult court system.Court ConsiderationsIn this case, the court has to take in to account the age of the accused and the outcome of his interrogation. At the age of 15 years, Butler does not possess the cognitive abilities of a mature person. He was also unaware of the interrogation procedures of the police and his rights in this regard. Since Butler got involved in a legal problem for the first time, he was totally unfamiliar with the Miranda rights due to which the police took advantage of him. Moreover, the medical testimony proving that the police physically abused Butler i n order to make him sign the pre-written confession which was actually written by the police instead of Butler. The court would have to look in to the details of all the above considerations prior to affirming to Butlers confession. Forensic AssessmentsIn this case study of Butler, the following forensic assessments would be considered to make a strong case against the prosecution counsel of ButlerButlers ability to waive Miranda rights.Butlers direct trial in the adult court system.Butlers competency to stand the trial.Butlers psychological evaluation for any deviant behavior or mental problem.Forensic ElementsThe most important element that the forensic psychologist assigned in this case should consider is that the accused is a juvenile and not all analytical methods are designed for juveniles. Moreover, there is big ambiguity in the rights that are given to a juvenile in the proceedings of an adult court system. It is assumed that a juvenile being transferred to the adult court has the same rights and rules as those of an adult provided that such a juvenile bears the same cognitive abilities and understanding of the legal system as those possessed by an adult, which is usually negative.Since the eye witness testimony constitutes a vital evidence in this case, the forensic psychologist would have to prove that how and why testimony of the eye witness (victims husband) was inaccurate as Hugo Munsterberg (1908) showed in his book On the Witness Stand that the testimony of the eye witness can be often deceiving in the proceedings of the court.Ability to waive Miranda rightsThe Instruments of Dr. Grisso to assess, understand and appreciate Miranda Rights would have been extremely beneficial for Butlers defense in this case. The forensic psychologist should utilize this assessment in analyzing the ability of a juvenile in understanding and waiving his/her Miranda rights in a legal matter (Oberlander Goldstein, 2001). This assessment instrument was developed in the 1970s and then amended in the year 2003 to cater the changes made in the legal systems. The most important characteristic of this assessment instrument that is applicable to the Butlers case is the right of a person arrested to not give answers to the police interrogation until he/she is provided legal assistance of the lawyer by the police (Goldstein, et al., 2003). If this assessment was utilized in the Butlers case then he would not have been exposed to police torture and never would have agreed to the false confession under duress. In this case, the police misadvise Butler by assuring him that they would try to get an attorney for him but never clarified that he had the right to demand for an attorney and remain dull until he has been provided with his legal help.Forensic treatAlthough the law is absolutely clear in the elements to be included in a forensic report presented in the courts however no standards have been set as yet to carry out a competency analysis on juven ile. Various studies have investigated different methods to evaluate competency and those methods have been used extensively in practice which have been found to be most effective and accurate (Christy, Douglas, Otto Petrila, 2004). Since no standards have been set for assessing competency, hence the studies have observed vast discrepancies in forensic reports. There has been no indication of requesting or completing any forensic reports in the Butlers case. The proceedings of this case should have included an assessment of Butlers competency to stand trial and his ability as a juvenile to waive off his Miranda rights.Implications of the ReportIn case of the forensic report being completed and presented to the court in relation to Butlers ability to waive off his Miranda rights being a juvenile and his competency to stand trial, the court would have taken Butlers age and unawareness of the legal system in to account before trialing him in the adult court system on charge of a murde r. The forensic report would have also enabled the court to assess Butlers understanding of his Miranda rights and his signing to the false confession under duress and thereby, affirming his innocence in this case.ConclusionThe Butlers case properly illustrates that why a forensic psychologist should be included in the proceedings of the court, particularly in those involving a juvenile since the juveniles being immature and unaware require more legal protection and different assessment methods than those applicable to adults. In case of being trialed in the adult system, it should be ensured that the system does not exploit the juvenile on trial. Butler was saved from a severe punishment by the public defense attorneys who managed to point out the loopholes in the prosecution case and the violations made by the police interrogators.

The World of Wrestling Essay -- essays research papers

Response 3In The World of Wrestling by Roland Barthes, he takes the sport of combat and turns it into a modern day myth. He talks of the French wrestling scene describing the spectacle, the venues, and the wrestlers themselves. It is well known that wrestling itself isnt real, just acting however it is still fancied by many people. The wrestler personalities are typically categorized the bastards and the good guys often having good fighting evil. The role a particular wrestler plays might also change from time to time as in the case of Hulk Hogan. This man changes faces more often then soul would change their socks, having his alliances and enemies changing from week to week. The entrance music of a wrestler can be very important in reflecting the ch...