Background Research Essay

Instructions: For each question, respond in one or more paragraphs of at least four complete sentences. Include supporting facts and details from your research in each response. Provide the sources for your supporting research. Using support from your research materials, identify and explain any political, social, economic, or cultural issues that may shape the story. The Holocaust was going on during this book, and this was a time when many children were vulnerable, and the Nazis killed many young kids, but the chances of survival for Jewish and non-jewish teenagers(13-18) were greater because they could be deployed at forced labor. Source: http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005142 http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007820 http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007817 Imagine what it would be like to live in this situation. Using supporting details from your research, discuss the greatest challenges people might face under these circumstances. When some people are asked about something in the past that somebody else went through, they say, â€Å"I can’t imagine†¦..† And in this case, I really can’t imagine how awful it would be to live in this situation. To be sent to a camp where you are stuffed on a train with hundreds of thousands of people, and you don’t know what is going on. You are separated from your family, the only thing you know. You are put into a gas chamber along with millions of other kids who are too young to work for the German’s, and elderly people who are too old to work. To make it easier on the Germans’, they tell you and your family that is going to be used for forced labor that you’re going to take a shower, and you’ll be back later. But, they never, ever, get to see you again. If you live in the ghetto, you are left without shelter and food because you are unproductive and, â€Å"useless eaters.† And finally, it all stopped when the Nazis surrendered, but it was too late for most, they already were gone, or had a important piece of them that was left in the camp chambers. Sources: http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005142 http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007820 http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007817 Based on your research, describe how these circumstances would affect a person’s identity development (crisis, commitment, diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, achievement). The personal identities of people who were in the Nazi camps would be much, much more sophisticated than the average person now a days. In Nazi camps, the identity crisis of a lot of people was most likely, ‘how do I stay alive?’ while peoples identity crisis in todays world might be something as little as, ‘who is a good friend?’. Kids and elderly people didn’t have a commitment during this time period, because they didn’t have the chance to decide what they wanted to do. The Nazi’s decided for them. People in the Nazi camps didn’t have identity diffusion because they couldn’t make any decisions on their own, the German’s made them all for them. They didn’t have identity foreclosure either, because they were not able to commit to anything at the camps because they were just ordered to do whatever the German’s wanted. I suppose that some people in the camps could have an identity moratorium, and it might be, ‘Do I run away and risk being killed? Or should I just stay and work until this is over?’. The identity achievement of one in a Nazi camp might be, ‘after struggling to decide he wanted to stay and work, or run away and have the chance of being killed, he decided to wait, and finally when the war was over and the Nazi’s surrendered, he was set free.’ Sources: http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005142 http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007820 http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007817

High School Conformism Essay

Throughout majority of my high school life, I always questioned why things operated the way they did. Being forced to go to a place, or my parents could possibly go to jail. To be honest it sort of felt like a indoctrination. Going there I noticed everything was controlled and different social groups where created based on different peoples personalities. The irony of it all is that from a young age school seemed to indorse individuality, yet hypocritical policies such as school uniforms still took place later in the years. I questioned why there was so much conformity;why was everyone so worried about fitting in? While I can’t be the voice for every-ones’ reasoning behind peer pressure. I can give my own reason for occasionally feelings of peer pressure. The first 2 years of high school felt very much like a fight for my individuality. I’d find multiple ways to make myself feel as if I was different; for instance making modifications to my uniform. I also would follow subculture Stereotypes, although at the time I didn’t realize it was simple was pressure: The pressure to pull away from what I considered social emptiness. This was a phase thankfully, and thankfully I slowly I began to realize; I was essentially doing what other students where doing, but strangely for the opposite reasoning(to get away from conformism). I’d say its a great learning experience, and simply put. The best way to strive for individuality is not striving for individuality. When you force yourself to be different, weather it be following a subculture (beyond your own personal beliefs), or not liking a ideology without doing your own research. You’ll definitely fall into the ignorance of conformism. After coming to these conclusions, I decided to become more social; experiencing new things so I could have a opinion, rather than stagnate in ignorance. I’ve learned a lot in regards to life, but most importantly I learned a lot about myself. I can finally say that I am a individual. I believe high school has definitely had a impact on me, although I’m sure it wasn’t there intention to give me such enlightenment.

why an organisation might need to change

So you are standing by the H2O ice chest with the remainder of the staff, chew the fating. Then person points to a new notice on the staff cork board. All of you rush to the notice and moan in unison: yes, another alteration will be made in your section. You wonder whether your occupation is on the line, trusting against hope that it is non. Your organisation is traveling through an organisational alteration. ( www.bokca.com ) Many factors underpin the demand for alteration in an administration. Change can stem from growing, economic downswing, tougher or indulgent trading conditions, engineering and scheme alterations. Competitive and client force, authorities statute law and enterprises can all impel alteration. As we enter the twenty-first Century, alteration and how to take it successfully has become the first subject on the heads of organisational leaders. And for good grounds: Change is go oning everyplace ; its velocity and complexness are increasing ; and the future success of our organisations depends on how successful leaders are at taking that alteration. ( Anderson Dean, 2006 p34 ) All of us can be a small dying about alteration, hence, consciously or subconsciously we resist it as sometimes those frights are good founded and if established the alteration will truly hold a negative impact on us. Even though in many instances, nevertheless, those targeted for the alteration semen to gain that the alteration was for the better. Change is invariably increasing particularly with the reaching of the cyberspace and the rapid usage of new engineerings has led to new ways of making concern. In this essay I am traveling to exemplify how internal and external force per unit areas in the administration I work for initiated alteration. I will be pulling on theories and practical experience to convey to fore the procedures of alteration. There have been a batch of extremist alterations in UK schools in the past decennary. The authorities and other educational organic structures have introduced assorted signifiers of inventions that have affected our nursery school and kids ‘s Centre. The Single Funding Formula is one of the inventions that is impacting on my school and kids ‘s Centre. In June 2007 the Government announced that local governments will be required to make and implement a individual expression support for funding Free Entitlement to early old ages proviso for 3 and 4 twelvemonth olds across all sectors. This move was towards bettering equity and transparence in the manner that support is allocated to suppliers of early old ages instruction and in the procedure create support for the 15 hours extension to be delivered from September 2010. What the authorities agencies, is that support degrees and processs do non hold to synchronise for all early old ages ( baby's room ) suppliers but they must be just and any discrepancies should be sensible and incontrovertible. Basically the authorities wants private, voluntary and independent baby's rooms to be financed in the same manner maintained baby's rooms are funded. In 1999 the school support system was introduced based upon the Local Management of Schools ( LMS ) and its fiscal deputation to schools. Formula support and the deputation of fiscal duty to schools were its cardinal facets. The schools are located a ball amount budget so they decided on how to pass the money on students. In avertedly a mechanism is used to find how much budget each school is allocated. The implicit in rule for the alterations being required to Formula Funding relate to the debut of the Early Years Foundation Stage. Schools and early old ages suppliers have to follow a construction of acquisition, development and attention for kids from birth to five old ages old. This is called the Early Years Foundation Stage ( EYFS ) . ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.direct.gov.uk ) This is a planned alteration initiated by the authorities and the Department for Children Schools and Families after recognizing the demand for alteration in their support policy and processs. An inaugural driven from top to bottom and catapulted into action by external and internal power. Private, Voluntary and independent baby's room suppliers have for a long clip complained about non acquiring adequate money from the authorities Nursery Education Grant to cover the cost some of their Sessionss. Planned alteration involves a witting determination by person ( Federal or national policy shaper, local authorities policymaker, school principal ) to alter or transform some bing pattern in a system or organisation. ( Ciaran Sugrue, 2008 ) The authorities and the Department for Children Schools and Families ( DCSF ) have committed to this planned alteration and they have created a sound measure by measure attack in order to carry through its purposes. They have issued counsel and held audiences to implement the new strategy. The ends of the alteration and its development were clearly set in the counsel sent out to local governments. Suppliers and local governments have been fixing for this for over two old ages, pattern counsel was issued to all local governments last twelvemonth and updated in July this twelvemonth. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk ) Consultations are besides being held to find why the alteration is necessary. Single expression support jobs and chances have been evaluated. Unison in the missive to it members describe some of the impact this alteration will hold on baby's rooms. The manner expression is developed could hold a major impact on kept up baby's rooms, school based baby's rooms and kids ‘s Centres. One of the chief differences in the new support mechanism is that kept up baby's rooms will now be funded on the footing of topographic points filled instead than on topographic points offered as was antecedently the instance. This means that nursery school support will be reduced if they offer topographic points in their baby's room that are non filled. This alteration could intend fiscal troubles for baby's rooms with unfilled topographic points and should be monitored closely by subdivisions. ( McAnea C, 2009 ) DSCF are the selected alteration agents responsible for the execution of the planned alteration. They are working with the local governments in audience procedure. Practice counsel, developed from the experience and acquisition of the nine governments working with the DSCF since November 2007, is now available below to assist all LAs get down to develop their ain individual expression. The six original pilot governments are: Hertfordshire, Somerset, Leeds, Rochdale, Croydon and Southampton. Thesiss have since been joined by Derby, Greenwich, North Somerset, North Yorkshire and Shropshire. ( www.dcsf.gov.uk ) In measure with the alteration, DSCF have gathered informations about the clime of the baby's rooms schools in order to assist them fix for the alteration. Nurseries and other educational establishments were asked to notice on the individual expression support. A interpreter for Newcastle City Council said, ‘All local governments have been directed by the DCSF to reexamine the expression for funding the free entitlement to turn to incompatibilities and fund on the footing of engagement. An unfastened. transparent, clearly reasoned expression has been agreed by the Schools Forum, which has baby's room headteacher representation on it. Nursery school headteachers, governors and staff have been to the full engaged in the procedure, and are having targeted support to assist pull off the passage procedure. ( Nursery World, 2009 ) DSCF selected a few local governments who piloted the strategy to get down with so will turn over it out in April 2010. They have made themselves sensitive to the force per unit areas for alteration by utilizing webs of people and the pilot strategies. Cardinal stat mis rocks have been set up to find the when, where and how of the strategy. The DSCF released the concluding counsel for implementing the individual expression, have held audience procedures and recognised the cost in each supplier sector and understood the behavior cost. It has besides delegated duty to the local governments for each of the ends and aims of the alteration in expression support. After all questions have been answered, the program will be put into operation nationwide in 2010. This alteration can be described as transitional which is 2nd order established to transform Formula Funding. It is one the complex types of alteration which occurs in an administration. Transitional alteration looks to accomplish a known coveted status that varies from an bing one. It is sporadic, planned, 2nd order and extremist. Over the old ages transitional alteration has become the footing of much of the organizational alteration literature. It besides has its basicss in the work of Kurt Lewin who conceptualised alteration as a three-stage procedure. Transitional alteration is more intrusive than developmental alteration as it replaces bing procedures or processs with something that is wholly new to the company. The period when the old procedure is being dismantled and the new procedure is being implemented is called the transitional stage. A corporate reorganisation, amalgamation, acquisition, making new merchandises or services, and implementing new engineering are illustrations of transitional alteration. 9 ( hypertext transfer protocol: //businessmanagement.suite101.com ) Social scientist Kurt Lewin ‘s theory introduced a three measure alteration theoretical account. He saw behaviour as an active balance of powers working in opposite waies. These driving powers bring about alteration because they lead employees in the coveted way. Controling powers, nevertheless, hinder alteration because they push employees in the opponent way. He argued hence that these powers be examined. Lewin ‘s three-step theoretical account can assist travel the balance towards the way of planned alteration. The first measure in the procedure of altering behavior is to dissolve the existent state of affairs. To dissolve is of import as it helps get the better of the tensenesss of single opposition and group understanding. It can be achieved in three ways. One is to increase the driving power that controls behaviour off from the existent state of affairs. Two is to cut down the commanding powers that negatively affect the motion from the bing equilibrium. Three create some activities that can assist in the unfreezing measure like actuating participants by acquiring them ready for alteration. You could besides construct trust and place jobs and brainstorm solutions within a group. This is what happened with our alteration. DSCF and local governments created a pilot strategy and besides organised audience undertakings and meetings which will construct trust, place and work out jobs. As a formal topic for survey and application, alteration direction can be said to hold begun some 50 old ages ago with what has since become known as the planned theoretical account of alteration. The fact that this theoretical account lies at the bosom of organisation development and is associated with its major theoreticians, such as Blake and Mouton [ 8 ] and Gallic and Bell [ 9 ] , is a testimony to its importance. The beginnings and kernel of planned alteration prevarication with the pioneering work of Kurt Lewin [ 4 ] . ( Burnes Bernard, 1997 ) The 2nd measure in the procedure is motion. Here, it is purported that it is necessary to travel the mark system to a new degree of balance. One of the three actions to be taken to assist the motion includes carrying employees to be in understanding that the position quo is non helpful to them and promoting them to see the job from a fresh position, working together on a Hunt for new, of import information and link the vision of the group to well-respected, influential leaders that besides support the change.. The 3rd measure in the three-step alteration theoretical account is refreezing. This measure is to be taken when alteration has already taken topographic point to do it effectual over clip. This is when new values are integrated into the community values and traditions. By equilibrating the drive and commanding power the new balance is stabilised. New forms need to be reinforced and institutionalised through formal and informal mechanism including policies and processs. This alteration has evidently non received a warm welcomed from some of the early old ages suppliers. Many particularly the kept up baby's rooms fear that support by caput count alternatively of topographic points available will cut down their support by comparatively big proportions. There is talk about baby's rooms shuting down because of cuts in support hence taking to occupation loses or cut. Megan Pacey, main executive of Early Education, which represents baby's room schools in the kept up sector, said they were confronting budget cuts of between a one-fourth and a 3rd. She said: â€Å" At the really least it means there will be redundancies to staff and it is improbable that baby's room schools will be able to make the extra things like address and linguistic communication therapy and extended household services. ( www.bbc.co.uk ) Others feel that any cuts will hold a damaging consequence on the kids ‘s life and acquisition and are recommending for physical action. Nurseries are being urged by Early Education to subscribe a request against the execution of the Early Years Single Funding Formula ( EYSFF ) , which it claims will hold a negative impact on the most deprived kids. ( www.nurseryworld.co.uk ) â€Å" It ‘s a 2nd place for my household. When we ‘re both working we have to cognize our kids will be loved, cared for and educated to the highest criterions, † her male parent, Dean Halfpenny-Steel, says. â€Å" The whole Centre is portion of the household. † But from September following twelvemonth that could alter as the baby's room is confronting losing a one-fourth of its budget in the support difference that is endangering every state-run nursery school in England ( www.guardian.co.uk ) Headteachers of kept up baby's rooms are afraid that hard currency will be switched to private baby's rooms. This will hold annihilating effects on kept up baby's room schools. Our baby's room has already experienced the above and has made immense accommodations to our budget in clip for new alterations in support policy and processs. Casual staff have had their hours slashed and one individual voluntary stood down. Two people who are on pregnancy leave have non had their station covered by other staff as new people have non been employed. We presently short staffed but everyone is willing to work towards salvaging money. Not all employees will oppose alteration, and cabals of support and opposition are non uncommon, for employees frequently will take sides. For illustration, those who favor a peculiar alteration and who feel most comfy with it constantly will back up the alteration, while employees adversely affected by the alteration normally will be less excited by it, are more likely to be dying about it and normally will defy it ( Carr, 1994 ; Geyer, 1995 ) . It is no surprise, hence, that employees who feel threatened by a alteration attempt can defy with a resiliency that matches or exceeds the will of the alteration leaders, particularly when those employees possess power. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.esc.edu ) Resistance was met by go toing assorted meetings and allowing our concerns be heard state broad. There have been concerns raised sing the alterations to the support expression for early years.A Local Authorities are expected to hold in topographic point by April 2010 a individual support expression which allocates support to all early old ages suppliers, maintained, private, voluntary and independent, based on the same principles.A This has caused troubles in a important figure of LAs and has resulted in the Minister, Dawn Primarola, composing to LAs and directing extra counsel to them. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.naht.org.uk ) The DCSF select commission has decided to establish an enquiry into the impact the individual support expression will hold on maintained nursery school. The NAHT is stating their members to supply written entries to the commission. Following the Committee ‘s unwritten grounds session on the Early Years Single Funding Formula on 28 October, the Children, Schools and Families Committee is now ask foring written entries on: The expected impact of new local support expression on suppliers of early old ages instruction and child care services ; Difficulties which have been encountered in pulling up new support expression, and how they are being overcome. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.naht.org.uk ) Change is natural and sometimes good, but people ‘s response to it is unpredictable and even irrational sometimes. It can nevertheless be managed good if done decently. Change is upsetting for people and has greater possible to do failures, loss of production, or falling quality in work done. Besides there is nil every bit of import to the endurance of an administration as alteration. There are so many historical illustrations of administrations that failed to alter and are now out of concern. I feel to successfully pull off this support alteration, things will hold to be seen from the position the employees. There should be definition and apprehension. Everyone is fearful of the unknown and most alteration ever brings the unknown and or an outlook of loss doing people to defy it. The front-end of a individual ‘s opposition to alter is how they see the alteration and the back-end is how good they are capable of covering with the alteration they imagine. A individual †˜s grade of opposition to alter is normally dominated by whether they see the alteration as good or bad, and how strict they anticipate the impact of the alteration will be on them. If they should accept the alteration it would hold been based on the quality of their header accomplishments. The political metaphor is more applicable to understanding opposition to alter because it acknowledges the importance of organisational civilization and political relations ( Gallagher, Rose, McClelland, Reynolds, & A ; Tombs, 1997 ; Hartel & A ; Berry, 1999 ; Meyerson & A ; Martin, 1987 ; Pettigrew, 1973, 1985, 1987 ) and that opposition is frequently site specific ( Knights & A ; Vurdubakis, 1994 ) . It more readily acknowledges that employees will of course be leery about alteration ( Toffler, 1970 ) , and that opposition is frequently a consequence of the employees ‘ subjective constructs of what is desirable ( Collinson, 1994 ; Jermier, Knights, & A ; Nord, 1994 ) . ( Phil Hay et Al, 2000 ) My occupation, if I was a leader would be to turn to their opposition from both terminals to assist the headteachers cut down it to a minimum, manageable degree. I would non bulldoze through their opposition so that I can travel in front which sometimes feels like they are making. If I was DSCF I would carry Headteachers of the benefits the proposed alterations will convey. I would besides do certain that headteachers have the chance to act upon the alterations by organizing a working group, for case. Its members would be the respected amongst the schools and would besides be people who have a existent positive attitude towards the alteration. They would be working group that is unfastened to new thoughts and capable of bring forthing originative solutions. Finally they would be cognizant of the practical deductions of any solution to individual expression support.

Research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 15

Research Paper Example This is born out by the tremendous gains that Roman civilization made during his reign, even though much of it came on the heels of a dictatorial style of leadership (Barret, p. 608). This paper will demonstrate the historical relevancy of Julius Caesar, his accomplishments, and the lessons to be learned from ancient civilization and culture. Even from an early age, Caesar was extreme popular within Rome. In addition, he developed a political acumen that would serve him well for his entire career, and garner the support he needed to push Rome into a new era of modernity for the time. One of his primary contributions to the growth of the Roman Empire rests in his ability to expand the regions that Rome had influence over, in addition to establishing more of an imperial type of system. These concepts would serve as the model for territorial expansion throughout much of the world for much of the next millennium. It is important to note that Caesar was not always a person of privilege. While he was born into a family of aristocrats from Rome, history tells us that his family was of relatively minimal means. The father of Julius Caesar actually died when Caesar was only 16 years old, and he remained very close to his mother. As a result of his relatively poor upbringing, however, Cesar spent much of his youth in unstable surroundings. He would remark later in life that even Rome contributed his own sense of instability, as the country was truly is a relative state of constant disorder, even though it was already of enormous stature within the region. Roman had begun to discredit their own nobility, and they were not focused enough on territorial expansion to truly be able to deal with it enormous size and influence throughout the ancient world. In essence, this reveals a truth that we realize even today. The larger a country grows, the more organization and focus is required to drive future

Phylogenetic relationships of a group of organisms Essay

Phylogenetic relationships of a group of organisms - Essay Example Phylogenetic analysis by means of cladistics uses shared and derived characteristics as the only criteria for grouping within a genus or species. A shared character is the common feature for all the species being evaluated and a derived character is a feature that evolved only within the group being studied. The hypothetical cladistic analysis will include an organism which is distantly related to the organisms within the group being studied. In the example, this organism is known as the out-group and serves as the starting point for comparison with the other organisms being evaluated. In our example, the earthworm represents this out-group. The other organisms in the group are an eel, a salmon fish, a Lizard, a Turtle and a Lion. In the character table, the organisms are placed sequentially in a row and their characteristics are listed in a column on the left (Table). A character lacking in an organism is scored as ‘0’ and the presence of a particular trait is scored as ‘1’ as shown in the Table. When the characters or traits are displayed in the form of a tree, it represents the cladistic hypothesis of the evolutionary relationship between the organisms under study. The tree showing the above cladistic analysis is as follows: Although a cladogram does not indicate the strength of a derived character or even its evolutionary importance, it does emphasize the sequence in which the derived characters arise from a central phylogenetic tree. In the above example, the earthworm lacks all the listed characteristics while the lion which is at the top of the evolutionary ladder in this analysis possesses

Cash Flows in Business Organisations Coursework

Cash Flows in Business Organisations - Coursework Example The concept of Net Profit and Net Cash Flow are not the same which often becomes a cause of concern for business owners. The difference in net income and cash flow arises because of the way income statements are prepared. Under the ‘accrual’ method of accounting, net income is calculated subtracting incurred expenses from earned revenues. Further, net revenues include credit sales (not involving immediate cash flows) and expenses include various provisions, deferred payments, depreciation, etc. that does not involve actual movement of cash during current period. In the statement of cash flow, all such accrual concepts are adjusted to net profit and only then operating cash flow is correctly arrived. For instance, consider the financial statements of UAL (shown in Appendix) where the company has incurred net loss of $723 million for the year ending 2012 but from the consolidated statement of cash flows we find that its Net Cash from Operations for the same fiscal was $935 million. This is because the company has charged higher ‘Depreciation & Amortisation’ for capital expenditure that does not involve actual outflow of cash. Thus, the books of account of company may show high/low net profits despite of having much less/high cash on hand. As per the requirements of IAS 7, operating activities involved in a business has to be reported using indirect or direct method. In the former method, profit/loss has to be adjusted after considering the effects of non-cash transactions like deprecation, accruals or deferrals of future or past operating activities. The later method classifies different operating items into gross cash payments and gross cash receipts. Information required for calculating these items are derived from books of account (adjusted sales, cost of sales, etc.). The basic layout of each method is depicted below, The ‘Net Cash from Operations’ in US Airways in 2011 was $472 million

Critical thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Critical thinking - Essay Example Be it spoken (oral) or written, it has a power to help achieve success in every walk of life. It should be noted that language is imperatively different in the field of medical. It is merely because the processes involve a number of stages and terminologies which can be understood by a person who is well-versed in medicinal studies. It has also been assessed that a number of people make use of the language translators to understand medical transcripts. Since I tend to join medical field for an assistant purpose, I am completely aware of the need of understanding relevant language (Skelton). Unlike many other fields of business, it can be well noted that medical field requires clear understanding of procedures. The vocabulary is far different in medical field which is only understandable to the medical practitioners. Considering my involvement in the field of medical, I am sure that if I am aware of language then I would be able to minimize risk of failures. If I will be ordained to perform a task, I will not be in a need to ask again and again because I will be able to understand the requirements as the first place. This is one of the crucial points that are needed to be understood (Skelton). The need of understanding language will also be crucial at the beginning of the day when I will be briefed regarding the goals of each day. Also to make sure that I am able to communicate with personals of administrative, I will have to make a translated version of transcripts. This cannot be done until core terminologies are not understood. This gives a clear idea that it is imperative to study language concerning medical procedures. Reflecting on my current position on language, it can be said that I still need a lot of exercise and practice. I think I am not effective and quick in understanding commands or writing up medicinal transcript to assist senior medical practitioners. I would

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 4

Human Resource Management - Essay Example Many companies do not have enough resources to invest in the recruitment process. As a matter of fact, for a company to attract the most suitable candidates they need to advertise as much as possible and the most cost effective and efficient way is that of web based recruitment. It is very important to communicate properly and have well written descriptions. To attract the potential candidates it is significant to have a well written description of the position which is neither too long nor too short. It should properly communicate all the important information. Introduction A process of attracting the most suitable candidates and making them apply for that particular job in a company or organization is known as recruitment. It is a process and a way to hire the right type of candidates for the right job. Recruitment is becoming a very critical and significant component of the human resource structure (Alvesson, 2010). It is highly significant to hire people who have more qualities a nd are more talented. For this a very fine and properly tuned up recruitment process is required. This is to ensure that the hired people are the most talented ones and are the best fit for the job. In order to measure the effectiveness of the recruitment process the organization needs to give importance to the feedback from internal customers, its employees and from the external customers. There are several methods of recruitment process. The two broad headings for the recruitment method are that of internal recruitment and external recruitment (Becker, 2007). Job advertisement, recruitment and employment agencies, internal bulletins and the recommendations personally, job centers of government and the new social media are the few most commonly used methods for recruitment. Job advertisement is the most widely used recruitment method. In this method the organization critically and carefully sought out the places it needs to advertise in. A typical job advertisement includes all the important information like job title, the location, description, compensation package and instructions to apply for the job (Thompson & Luthans, 1990). Organizations at times use the agencies like recruitment agencies and employment agencies to attract the most suitable candidates and hire them. The agencies help the organization in the screening of the resumes in the initial phase, the assessment of qualifications and their test, and also the reference checks. Personal recommendations and internal bulletin is also a method of recruitment (Sheridan, 2002). This is done by the organizations to alert the staff for the available positions. The organizations use this method to put up an incentive for the ones who are in search of advancement and also to seek the employee referrals. This method can be an effective one as the employees are already associated with the company and helps in saving the time and money of the company. Another method is job centers of government that usually ad vertise the job for the development of employees in an effort to serve the citizens in search of employment. The new and the latest way of recruitment is that of social media. This is the fastest and the most fruitful resource for recruitment these days. It helps the professionals connect all round the globe. This method is very efficient in attracting the maximum number of candidates in the shortest possible time (Wanous

Arbitration and Litigation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Arbitration and Litigation - Essay Example First, the law that recognises and enforces the agreement of arbitration. Then law that regulates actual arbitration procedure, next the specific law or rules that arbitral tribunal has to use in the matter and finally law for recognition and enforcement of the decision of arbitral tribunal, known as arbitration award. The laws governing arbitration proceedings may be same but it is not necessarily so always. Since most of the international arbitration take place in a neutral country to which neither the arbitrating parties belong. So the law of the proceedings, as applied to the matter of the case and known as substantive or applied law, may be different from the law of enforcement of the award. For example, an arbitral tribunal sitting in England will have English law for place of arbitration but may need to apply New York law as substantive law1. Compared to the courts of law, arbitration is a "primitive' way to resolve the issues which is simple because of less formality and expense. The person deciding the dispute has the qualification that he is accepted for arbitration by two parties.2 For example two merchants disputing over damage to their goods would turn to and accept the judgement of a third, fellow merchant. Actually such had been a community practice to maintain peace and harmony among members of business community3. Why International Arbitration The answer may come from the fact that sometimes national law is not sufficient to resolve disputes between warring parties. For e.g. A corporation based in USA contracts another in Germany. The contract is for setting up a power plant in Egypt with any disputes to be arbitrated in London. Now, if a dispute arises and one of the party refuses to arbitrate or the losing party refuses to carry out the award. No national law can resolve the dispute in such case and is an International treaty was necessary to link the national laws and respecting the award (see footnote 1 p. 4). The international treaty to resolve international disputes is a result of Geneva protocols 1923 & 1927 and New York Convention 1958. The aim for such treaty was to remove all the short comings of law of courts, viz. It is to be fast while law is slow, it is to be inexpensive while law is costly, to be simple in contrast to law which is technical and is peace maker in contrast to str ife creator4. The present arbitral process no longer has the simplicity of its beginning, it has incorporated somewhat more technical complexity which was needed to strengthen it to remove any loopholes leading to non acceptance of the award, particularly by the losing party. In the modern arbitral process the award is binding on both the parties and if it is not carried out voluntary by the losing party it would be enforced by the court at the expense of that party (See footnote. 1). The Arbitration Process: The first step is selection of an arbitrator, which should be done carefully. Ideally the help of an arbitral institution is a good option for

Philosophy - Plato's Republic and Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics Essay

Philosophy - Plato's Republic and Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics - Essay Example Therefore, it seems that democracy leads to anarchy. Further, Plato imagines democracy, which invites everyone as equals to rule themselves, as leading to a nation of power-hungry individuals motivated by selfish interests rather than the public good. Accordingly, Plato imagines democracy leading to tyranny. Either way, it seems democracy leads a society on a slippery slope toward an undesirable end-state. In our modern day democracies, we tend to disagree with Plato in saying that, when well controlled, a democracy neither leads to anarchy nor tyranny. But Plato’s opposition to a modern society is more fundamental. The character Socrates advocates for a state ruled by â€Å"philosopher-kings† in a rigid system of castes that does not allow for lateral movement between the different groups in society (484d). This is abhorrent from the perspective of liberal democracy because this neither acknowledges the right of individuals to govern oneself nor to find happiness in wh atever pursuits one wishes to follow. This desire for a ruling caste stems from Plato’s view of the philosopher as superior in theoretical knowledge over the other people in the state (539e). Despite all of these differences, Plato’s Republic seeks many of the same ends as modern day democracies, including justice as the chief concern of a government (540e) and freedom as a necessary component of a good state (701d). Plato’s Republic advocates for a three-part division of society into classes of rulers, soldiers, and the common people. The reason for this division is the concept of specialization wherein particular tasks or duties are reserved to those who are the most qualified to perform them. Plato believes in this stratification as a means of achieving the greatest amount with the resources available to society. But this stratification leads to severe limits on the liberties of those within the state. For instance, since the rulers of the city already have p ossession of a superior intellect, Plato reasons that they should be allowed to hold no property, to live at the expense of the state, and to live only on their most basic needs. Similarly, members of the common class and the soldiering class are not allowed lateral mobility within the classes. They are, from birth, determined to stay within those classes to develop and prosper in aid to the city. Plato suggests that if citizens claim their dissatisfaction with the role in which they are placed, then the state ought to supply them with the falsehood that they are, by nature, assigned to that role based on the differential dispositions of people to fulfill certain roles (415a). Although this is an ideal situation from the perspective of Plato’s Socrates, from the perspective of a modern democracy, it leaves much to be desired. In fact, it seems clear that modern societies believe that individuals should be allowed to pursue whatever path they feel is right for them, regardless of whether they are effective in that social role. Of course, the nature of capitalism dictates that individuals perform acts that best enable them to support their livelihoods, but individuals do not need to act within strict social constraints like those proposed in the Republic. Secondly, a modern movement away from a class system lies in disagreement with Plato’s advocacy of a class system. Although classes seem justified on account

Lesson plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Lesson plan - Assignment Example My lesson plan is divided into different levels of learning aims at effective and continual understanding of chemistry thereby making every student to develop the subject understanding continually. Grouping of students deliberately allows them to share skills they have learnt. Notably, students have different levels of understanding; therefore, sharing leant knowledge and skills will facilitate a deeper understanding of the subject. Properly developed lesson plan also provides self-regulation towards developing decision-making interventions as learning strategies. Effective strategies should ensure that consistency successful learning process. However, the early stages in learning new topic, novices often provide limited learning strategies (Teacher Created Resources, Inc., 2006). In such cases, a well-planned lesson plan must provide various strategies. In handling this matter, my lesson plan has deployed different way of explaining factors of the experiment including the use of examples. Finally, my lesson plan employs or incorporates the use of deliberate practice to ensure that students concentrate during the learning process. This process ensures that learning is monitored, and feedbacks are provided during the learning practice (Teacher Created Resources, Inc., 2006). My lesson plan has incorporated the use of deliberate practice using the graffiti walls. The pre-assessment graffiti wall will allow students to expose what they have learned during the lesson while the post graffiti assessment shall assess the according to their level of performance and proficiency. In additional, these assessments will enable me to evaluate students and help them address their

Erupted Material Essay Example for Free

Erupted Material Essay Another way of classifying volcanoes is by the composition of material erupted (lava), since this affects the shape of the volcano. Lava can be broadly classified into 4 different compositions (Cas Wright, 1987): * If the erupted magma contains a high percentage (63%) of silica, the lava is called felsic. * Felsic lavas (dacites or rhyolites) tend to be highly viscous (not very fluid) and are erupted as domes or short, stubby flows. Viscous lavas tend to formstratovolcanoes or lava domes. Lassen Peak in California is an example of a volcano formed from felsic lava and is actually a large lava dome. * Because siliceous magmas are so viscous, they tend to trap volatiles (gases) that are present, which cause the magma to erupt catastrophically, eventually forming stratovolcanoes. Pyroclastic flows (ignimbrites) are highly hazardous products of such volcanoes, since they are composed of molten volcanic ash too heavy to go up into the atmosphere, so they hug the volcanos slopes and travel far from their vents during large eruptions. Temperatures as high as 1,200 Â °C are known to occur in pyroclastic flows, which will incinerate everything flammable in their path and thick layers of hot pyroclastic flow deposits can be laid down, often up to many meters thick. Alaskas Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, formed by the eruption of Novarupta near Katmai in 1912, is an example of a thick pyroclastic flow or ignimbrite deposit. Volcanic ash that is light enough to be erupted high into the Earths atmosphere may travel many kilometres before it falls back to ground as a tuff. If the erupted magma contains 52–63% silica, the lava is of intermediate composition. * These andesitic volcanoes generally only occur above subduction zones (e. g. Mount Merapi in Indonesia). * Andesitic lava is typically formed at convergent boundary margins of tectonic plates, by several processes: * Hydration melting of peridotite and fractional crystallization Sarychev Peak eruption, Matua Island, oblique satellite view * Melting of subducted slab containing sediments[citation needed] * Magma mixing between felsic rhyolitic and mafic basaltic magmas in an intermediate reservoir prior to emplacement or lava flow. If the erupted magma contains 45% silica, the lava is called mafic (because it contains higher percentages of magnesium (Mg) and iron (Fe)) orbasaltic. These lavas are usually much less viscous than rhyolitic lavas, depending on their eruption temperature; they also tend to be hotter than felsic lavas. Mafic lavas occur in a wide range of settings: * At mid-ocean ridges, where two oceanic plates are pulling apart, basaltic lava erupts as pillows to fill the gap; * Shield volcanoes (e. g. the Hawaiian Islands, including Mauna Loa and Kilauea), on both oceanic and continental crust; * As continental flood basalts.

Emily Dickinsons Symbolism of Death

Emily Dickinsons Symbolism of Death Emily Dickinson is thought to be â€Å"one of the greatest American poets that have ever existed† (Benfey 5). Her poems can be directly linked to her life and many of them are about death. Only seven of Dickinsons poems were published while she was alive and her works were heavily criticized. However, despite the harsh criticism her works on the subjects of life and death are now among the most riveting in the English language. Dickinson was antisocial and refused to leave her home or have visitors. Some biographers say that in the early 1860s Dickinson went through an emotional crisis because of her isolation. Her emotional state was further disturbed when her father died in 1874 followed by a close family friend, Otis Lord, a couple years later. Dickinson herself described what she felt at that time as an â€Å"attack of nerves† (Cameron 29). Dickinsons remorse inspired her to write more poems: in 1862 she composed over 300 poems. â€Å"Her absorption in the world of feeling found some relief in associations with nature; yet although she loved nature and wrote many nature lyrics, her interpretations are always more or less swayed by her own state of being† (Benfey 22). â€Å"The quality of her writing is profoundly stirring, because it betrays, not the intellectual pioneer, but the acutely observant woman, whose capacity for feeling was profound† (Bennet 61). The seven poems that were published during her lifetime were published anonymously and a few without her consent. â€Å"The editors of the periodicals in which her lyrics appeared made significant alterations to them in attempt to regularize the meter and grammar, consequently discouraging Dickinson from seeking further publication† (Fuller 17). After Dickinsons death all her poems were published and she was acknowledged as a poet ahead of her time. Some critics thought that, â€Å"Her work was often cryptic in thought and unmelodious in expression† (Bennet 64). A poem written during her attack of nerves in 1862 titled â€Å"This is my letter to the World† is written, as the title implies, as a message to the world after her death as if she were speaking beyond the grave. â€Å"The plea that she be judged tenderly for natures sake combines an insistence on imitation of nature as the basis of her art with a special plea for tenderness towards her own fragility or sensitivity; but poetry should be judged by how well the poet achieves his or her intention and not by the poem alone, as Emily Dickinson surely knew† (Bloom 297). â€Å"This particular poems generalization about her isolation—and its apologetic tone—tends toward the sentimental, but one can detect some desperation underneath the softness† (Bloom 298). Another poem, â€Å"Tell all the Truth, but tell it slant-â€Å" is full of her slant rhymes which make the reader get lost in her puzzle of words. â€Å"The idea of artistic success lying in circuit—that is, in confusion and symbolism—goes well with the stress on amazing sense and staggering paradoxes which we have seen her express elsewhere† (Eberwein 171). She seems to enjoy keeping truths from being revealed, as if we are not ready to know the truth. . â€Å"On the very personal level for Emilys mind, â€Å"infirm delight† would correspond to her fear or experience and her preference for anticipation over fulfillment. For her, Truths surprise had to remain in the world of imagination. However, superb surprise sounds more delightful than frightening† (Bloom 89). Dickinsons famous poem Success is Counted Sweetest, is sagely and complex. â€Å"It proceeds by inductive logic to show how painful situations create knowledge and experience not otherwise available† (Eberwein 18). The poem begins with underdogs in their struggle for success and their indomitable will to succeed. Then the poem gains momentum by stating that only those with the most thirst can comprehend what they need to succeed. â€Å"Having briefly introduced people who are learning through deprivation, Emily goes onto the longer description of a person dying on a battlefield. The word â€Å"host,† referring to an armed troop, gives the scene an artificial elevation intensified by the royal color purple. These seemingly victorious people understand the nature of victory much less than does a person who has been denied it and lies dying. His ear is forbidden because it must strain to hear and will soon not hear at all† (Eberwein 19). Even though this poem is com plex it has a cheerful side and paints excellent images. â€Å"On the biographical level, it can be seen as a celebration of the virtues and rewards of Emily Dickinsons renunciatory way of life, and as an attack on those around her who achieved worldly success† (Bloom 158). Of all her poems â€Å"I Heard a Fly Buzz—When I Died—† follows Dickinsons style and infatuation with life and death most devoutly. The start of the poem has great impact. She describes the moment of her death, so you are already aware she is dead. â€Å"In the first stanza, the death rooms stillness contrasts with a flys buzz that the dying person hears, and the tension pervading the scene is likened to the pauses within a storm. The second stanza focuses on the concerned onlookers, whose strained eyes and gathered breath emphasize their concentration in the face of a sacred event: the arrival of the â€Å"King,† who is death. In the third stanza, attention shifts back to the speaker, who has been observing her own death with all the strength of her remaining senses† (Eberwein 201). As her senses start to leave her she makes a will of her material possessions so people can remember her and starts to saunter slowly towards death. â€Å"But the buzz ing fly intervenes at the last instant; the phrase and then† indicates that this is a casual event, as if the ordinary course of life were in no way being interrupted by her death† (Bloom 365). â€Å"The flys â€Å"blue buzz† is one of the most famous pieces of synesthesia in Emily Dickinsons poems. This image represents the fusing of color and sound by the dying persons diminishing senses. The uncertainty of the flys darting motions parallels her state of mind. Flying between the light and her, it seems to both signal the moment of death and represent the world that she is leaving† (Bloom 365). â€Å"In â€Å"This World is Not Conclusion,† Emily Dickinson dramatizes a conflict faith in immortality and severe doubt† (Bloom 55). The last eight lines were omitted by the publishers because of its controversial content. The altered poem no longer retained its original meaning. â€Å"The complete poem can be divided into two parts: the first twelve lines and the final eight lines† (Eberwein 89). The first four lines speak of the afterlife and how we should intuitively know it exists. The next four lines are about struggling and surviving. â€Å"Even wise people must pass through the riddle of death without knowing where they are going† (Bloom 55). â€Å"In the next four lines, the speaker struggles to assert faith. Her faith now appears in the form of a bird that is searching for reasons to believe. But available evidence proves as irrelevant as twigs and as indefinite as the directions shown by a spinning weathervane. The desperation of a bird aimles sly looking for its way is analogous to the behavior of preachers whose gestures and hallelujahs cannot point the way to faith† (Bloom 56). The poem ends with the message that no one can be rid of doubt, not even the preachers themselves. It manages to make the reader question whether there is an afterlife. Finally, the poem â€Å"This Consciousness That Is Aware† starts off by talking about how experiencing death changes a person. â€Å"The poem opens by dramatizing the sense of mortality which people often feel when they contrast their individual time bound lives to the world passing by them† (Eberwein 49). In the next stanza the order of the words are reversed to show that the speakers life has been flipped upside-down. â€Å"The speaker anticipates moving between experience and death—that is, from experience into death by means of the experiment of dying. Dying is an experiment because it will test us, and allow us, and no one else, to know if our qualities are high enough to let us survive beyond death† (Bloom 137). As in her other poems, Dickinson seeks answers through death. It is as if she is courting death through her poetry. Dickinsons poems, even this small sample, touch upon death. Shes a spiritual person who prefers to look inward for answers. This inwardness explains her preference to being isolated and her fascination with death as those close to her died. It difficult to say exactly how many of her poems touch on the subject of life and death, but certainly most of them mention it. This is not surprising considering that a small New England town in the 1800s had a high mortality rate. Because of this there was death all around her. â€Å"This factor contributed to her preoccupation with death, as well as her withdrawal from the world, her anguish over her lack of romantic love, and her doubts about fulfillment beyond the grave† (Cameron 114). What is fascinating is that she tackles the sensitive issue of death in a way that her â€Å"Readers tend to be impressed by her sensitive and imaginative handling of this painful subject† (Stonum 83). â€Å"If nothing else had come out of our l ife but this strange poetry we should feel that in the work of Emily Dickinson, America, or New England rather, had made a distinctive addition to the literature of the world, and could not be left out of any record of it† (Benfey 66). Dickinsons poetry is a quest to the answers within us all concerning life and death.

Physician Reluctance to Engage in Health System Program

Physician Reluctance to Engage in Health System Program The Factors Effecting the Unwillingness of Physicians to participate in the Family Physical Program in Tehran’s Province Health System Abstract Introduction: The present study is an attempt to survey the reasons for the physicians’ reluctance to take part in the family physical program in the Tehran Province health system. Methods: Considering this purpose, the study is an applied work carried out through a correlative method in Tehran’s Province Health System in 2012.(IRAN) The study population was comprised of all the physicians in the Tehran Province health system. Participants were selected through census. A questionnaire was used for data gathering and the data were analyzed using SPSS16. Results: The mean point of economic stage,  work conditions, health, welfare, structural-organizational, and social-cultural problems in the health centers under study were less than midpoint. Additionally, a statistically significant relationship was found between these problems and the tendency of physicians to take part in the family physician program (P Conclusion: The results indicated a significant relationship between the problems of physicians and their tendency to take part in the family physician program in Tehran. Given the necessity of creating motivation among physicians to take part in the program effectively and willfully, solving the physicians’ problems appears to be effective in motivating the physicians in this regard. Keywords: Family Physician, Referral System, Problems of Family Physicians, Health Centers Introduction Health is one of the principal rights and a valuable capital at every social level [1]. Along the main objective of the national health system, which is to improve public health where the healthy citizens have capability to take part in economic and social activities [2], there are other tasks to be fulfilled by the health system. These tasks include raising hope for a healthy life, responding to reasonable expectations of the public, reducing social gaps (social justice) and providing financial coverage for medical services [1]. It is essential, therefore, to design and adopt a proper model for health services to realize health objectives, maintain/improve health, and improve equal access to health services. In this regard, many have supported the idea of a health system in which all citizens regardless of their living condition and place (even those living in remote areas) have access to adequate specialized health services. Such services are provided by the facilities where experts are trained based on the available resources in the shortest feasible time and for reasonable costs as required by cultural and time constrains [3]. In fact, family physician programs and referral systems are in line with the realization of a primary care health system that actualizes considerable potential resources towards the improvement of the health conditions of the society [4]. The family physician program is a comprehensive health system and among the main achievements of this program are helping people to refer to the right specialist and an increase in the public satisfaction of health services [2]. Additionally, the American Physician Academy believes that the family physician system is the best and most effective way to provide health services for patients [3]. In spite of this, the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran, in cooperation with the Ministry of Welfare and Social Security, Ministry of Health, Treatment, Medical Education, and Health Service Insurance Org. triggered a rural health insurance programs through a referral system based on a family physician program in 2005. This program, considered as one of the main elements of health system development, was aimed to expand the health insurance coverage and to promote equal access to health diagnostic services [5]. In addition to supplying health services required by the public, the family physician program prevents negligence of patients’ right or any abuse of people’s need to health services [1]. Given that the family physician program is a nationwide program and all insurance organizations participate in this program, it is essential to survey the performance of the program regarding implementation, quality, and quantity of the services provided to insured patients. By this survey, the weakness and advantages of the program can be highlighted. Consequently, the family physician program may lead to immense changes in treatment behavior models as well as changes in consumption patterns in this field [6]. Santos and Amado believe that the knowledge of a family physician to provide primary care services leads to a long-term relation between the family and the physician; which is an advantage of the family physician program [7]. In addition, ranking the health services by the referral system gives the people in need access to more specialized services based on their true needs [8]. At first, the referral visits the family physician and, if needed, the physician recommends them to a special practitioner. The special practitioner, then, checks the patients, carries out the required measures, records the measures in the patients’ file, and returns the patients to the family physician [9]. Although, the family physician program is initially aimed to improve public access to health care systems and cuts the unnecessary medical costs, there are evidences that the program is not free of weaknesses [10]. In his study titled â€Å"challenges of family physicians in the world of the 1980s† Donald Rice (1980), studied the status of family physicians and challenges ahead of them in different countries and highlighted some main challenges including financial support for the graduates, salary of the physicians and the staff from community sources, and so on. After the implementation of health networks, family physicians are the next biggest reform in health systems, which promises to solve many of the problems of the health system. It is reasonable to expect a variety of economic, social, and cultural problems ahead of the program and failures to overcome. These problems threaten first level of services and the poor’s health. Above all, solving a problem needs developing an accurate insight to the problem. Analyzing the causes and the factors effective on high turnovers of family physicians is the first step to reach a right policy to improve health services nationwide. Methods The study is a descriptive analytical work carried out on the Tehran Province health system in 2012. Given incongruity of the districts under study and sensitivity of the issue, a census was taken in the system and all 100 physicians in the system agreed to participate. No sampling was done in this study and all the study population took part in the survey. Questionnaires were used for gathering the data. These questionnaires were divided into two sections. The first section included the demographic information of those who had took part in the survey. The second section included the questions which showed the unwillingness of the physicians towards the family physician program. The results of these questionnaires were classified into five main axes; 1- economic variables (questions 1-6); 2- work conditions, health, welfare, and educational variables (questions 7-12); 3- systematic-organizational variables (questions 13-18); 4- organizational-administrative variables (questions 19-24); and 5- social and cultural variables (questions 25-30). The questionnaire was designed based on Likert’s five-point scale. The validity of the questionnaires was approved by ten experts. Also, the stability was gained by the Cronbachs alpha coefficient test. The gleaned data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS. Among descriptive statistics frequency, frequency rate, mean, and standard deviation were used. Also in order to survey the independence/dependence of the variables, Chi Square was used as inferential statistics. Results Female and male participants constituted 65% and 35% of the sample group respectively. In addition, 24% of the participants were unmarried and 76% were married. Regarding employment status, 68% had lifetime employment and 32% were employed in the program for a specific time. The average age of the participants was 34 and the youngest and oldest participants were 25 and 54 years old respectively. Moreover, 23% of the participants were at the age range of 25-35, 58% were at the age range of 35-45; and 19% were at the age range of 45-55. Work records also showed that the lowest work experience was 1 year and the highest work experience was 29 years. On average, the participants had 10 years of work experience; 30% less than 19 years, 50% between 10 to 20 years, and 20% between 20 to 30 years. Table 1. distribution and frequency rate of the response Mean point economic, work conditions, health, welfare, structural-organizational, and social-cultural problems effective on the willingness of the physicians to take part in the family physician program were below the midpoint (Table 2). Table 2. Family physician problem There was a significant negative relationship among economic, welfare, and social-cultural problems. On the other hand, there was a positive and significant relationship between work conditions, health, and structural-organization problems (Table 3). Table 3. correlation among problems of family physicians to take part in the program Discussion The family physician program has aimed to completely implement a referral system in the heath and treatment sector. Among the main advantages of the program are preventing physicians ‘confusion and, more importantly, to improve public satisfaction from health services. This research also minimizes the waste of resources and leads to great economic savings. The early years of implementing the program have been featured with an increase of availability index in different aspects of the family physician program (human resources and preclinical services). Still, the ahead challenges are not deniable. The findings showed that there was a significant relationship between economic, work conditions, health, welfare, structural-organizational, and social-cultural problems on one hand and the physicians’ willingness to participate in the family physician program on the other. This is consistent with Hosseing Fahreji’s study [11] on the family physician program in the Imam Khomeini Charity Committee. A study by Masoodi Asl [12] on the assessment of the satisfaction of the service takers under the Imam Khomeini Charity Committee program showed that 31.25% were satisfied with the program, 51.5% were relatively satisfied, and 10% were relatively dissatisfied; which is inconsistent with the present study. Motlagh (2009) in a study titled â€Å"physician’s satisfaction† on the factors effective on creating dynamism in the family physician program and rural medical insurance indicates that minimum satisfaction level in the medical education universities is with financial problems [13]. Taking into account the findings of the study and significant effect of welfare and financial problems on the physician’s tendency to take part in the program, one may conclude that poor welfare facilities and accommodations for the physicians in the health and treatment network leads to high turnover rates among the physicians. The majority of the physicians only take part in the program for short and temporary terms and to only spend their obligatory service terms. Dieleman et al. also mentioned low salaries and hard work conditions as the reasons for lack of motivation in the health and treatment system [14]. Given that a successful implementation of the family physician program needs public participation and cooperation for different sections, cultural works on all the effective actors is essential. Failure to successfully implement referral to a specialist practitioner plan, poor follow up by the family physicians, and poor public support for the program are the signs of low public participation rates in the program. The reasons of poor cooperation are lack of cultural and public informing measures regarding family physician programs and negative attitudes and distrust in family physicians. Nasrollahpour et al. highlighted resistance among family physicians and specialist practitioners against the family physician program [15]. Professional satisfaction of the family physicians is a key factor in the health system. In addition, professional satisfaction might be related to the quality and effectiveness of the health services provided [16]. On the other hand, probability of attracting new work forces decreases with an increase of professional dissatisfaction among family physicians and replacement applications by the physicians. Payment terms and work conditions are key factors in attracting and keeping skillful physicians [17]. In regards to the causes of dissatisfaction among the family physicians are high workloads, being busy doing supportive works in health centers, lack of welfare, negligence of specific needs of different regions, and lack of proper cultural preparation (the public and specialist physicians are not properly trained). Ebadifardazar et al. [18] found that issues like low salaries, delay in payments, remote work place, long working hours, and no promising future for this national program are the causes of dissatisfaction of family physicians that increases turnover rates. Understaffed work force and high rates of turnover or replacement during the first 5 years of family physician program indicate problems of attracting and keeping general practitioners in the program. Also decreasing the number of service takers assigned to each practitioner, proving decent work conditions, providing welfare facilities to attract physicians and keeping the balance between demand and supply, clarifying health service packs, and providing required equipment and support are the effective factors in attracting and keeping the physicians [19]. Conclusion In conclusion, the results showed that there was a significant relationship between the problems experienced by physicians and their willingness to participate in the family physician program in the health centers located in Tehran. In spite of the fact that satisfactory implementation of the program is the intention of the policy makers, solving the problems participating physicians face and increasing their willingness to participate appears to be an effective approach to improve the outcomes of the program. References Jamshid Beigi M, Mardfar N. Executive performance of family physician program and rural insurance. Tehran: Arvij; 2007. Persian. Ghoharinejh ad S. Health system decentralization on Iran University of Medical Science. Proceeding of 5th National Congress of Healthcare Administration Student, 2007 May 9-12, Iran, Tabriz; P.32. Persian. Rasoulid Nejad S. A survey of referral system in health care service system and ways to improve Isfahan Health system. [Ph.D. Dissertation]. Tehran: Islamic Azad University, Research and Science Branch; 1996. Family physicians and referral system in Islamic Republic of Iran, Ministry of Health, Treatment, and Medical Education, Health Department, Summer, 2006. Persian. Ministry of health and medical education. Illustration of health team and family physician services. First ed. Tehran: Arvij Publishers; 2006. Persian. Khayyati F, Motlagh ME, Kabir MJ, Kazemeini H. The role of family physician in case finding, referral, and insurance coverage in the rural areas. Iranian journal of public health. 2011; 40(3): 136. Amado CA, Santos SP. Challenges for performance assessment and improvement in primary health care: the case of the Portuguese health centers. Health Policy. 2009;91(1):43-56. Davoudi S. Introduction to health sector reform. 1st ed. Tehran: Asar-e-Mouaser; 2006. Persian. Ministry of Health and Medical Education. Family physician instructions, 2010. Persian. Kersnik J. An evaluation of patient satisfaction with family practice care in Slovenia. Int J Qual Health Care. 2000;12(2):143-7. Hosseini Fahreji H. Assessment of family physician performance in Yazd Imam Khomeini Charity Committee [M.A. Thesis]. Tehran: Iran University of Medical Sciences; 2004. Persian. Masoudi Asl I. A survey of family physician program from the physicians’ viewpoint in Yasouj Imam Khomeini Charity Committee. [M.A. Thesis]. Tehran: Islamic Azad University; 2002. Persian. Motlagh MI, Pourshirvani N. Doctors consent of dynamic factors affecting the insurance plan and rural family physicians in Gilan University of Medical Sciences. Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences. 2004;19:55-48. Persian. Dieleman M, Cuong PV, Anh LV, Martineau T. Identifying factors for job motivation of rural health workers in North Viet Nam. Hum Resour Health. 2003;1(1):10. Nasrollahpour Shirvani D, Ashrafian Amiri H, Motlagh ME, Kabir MJ, Maleki MR, Shabestani Monfared A, et al. Evaluation of the function of referral system in family physician program in Northern provinces of Iran 2008. J Babol Univ Med Sci. 2010;11(6):46-52. Landeck M, Garza C. Utilization of physician health care services in Mexico by US Hispanic border residents. Health marketing quarterly. 2003;20(1):3-16. Abma J C, Chandra A, Mosher WD, Peterson LS, Piccinino LJ. Fertility, family planning, and womens health: new data from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth. Vital and health statistics. Series 23, Data from the National Survey of Family Growth. 1997;(19):1-14. Mahmoodi A, Kohan M, Azar FE, Solhi M, Rahimi E. The impact of education using Health Belief Model on awareness and attitude of male teachers regarding their participation in family planning. Journal of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences.  2011:9(3):21-8. Persian. Cates W, Karim QA, El-Sadr WM, Haffner DW, Kalema-Zikusoka G, Rogo K, Averill EMD. Family planning and the millennium development goals. Science. 2014;329(5999):1603.

Tycho Brahe :: Essays Papers

Tycho Brahe Tycho Brahe provided a great deal of information to the science community and will never be forgotten. Brahe had a large influence on the Scientific Revolution and its happenings. Many people in the time of Brahe believed that what is discovered through the Scientific Revolution, about the world, is the truth. Also at this time people believed that the Bible or their faith would surely out weigh reason that was brought by the Scientific Revolution. The are many things that make up Tycho Brahe the person, like his family. Brahe’s family is of old and distinguished nobility. Members of Brahe’s family served the king and their country, in council and on the battlefield. 1 Tycho, the first born son to Otte and Beate Bille-Brahe, in December 1546. Tycho parents named him after his grandfather. Brahe’s childhood made also made up an important part of who he is. Brahe studied law and philosophy at the universities of Copenhagen and Leipzig. Each night after his long day of studies, Brahe would always be found looking at the stars in the night sky, before he went to bed. This some people would say, played a large role in what Brahe should do with his future. Brahe is said to be a colorful character when he is in school. "He allegedly challenged a fellow student to a duel with swords in a dispute over who was the better mathematician. Brahe's nose is partially cut off, and he was said to wear a gold and silver replacement upon which he would continually rub oil."2 After Brahe’s wonderful education he would begin his journey to find out more about the sky and all that is in it. In 1972 Brahe discovered a supernova in the constellation Cassiopeia. "Brahe's meticulous observations showed that the supernova did not change positions with respect to the other stars (no parallax). Therefore, it was a real star, not a local object."3 This is early evidence against the immutable nature of the heavens.4 "In 1577 his studies of a bright comet showed that it traversed the spheres of the planets, and was not an atmospheric exhalation or an ill omen. Both these phenomena contributed to growing dissatisfaction with the Aristotelian belief in the perfect and unchanging nature of the celestial spheres."5 Brahe spent most of his time traveling and lecturing about his discoveries that he would make.

How To Find A Writing Topic Problem-solution Essays :: essays research papers

How to Find A Writing Topic Problem-Solution Essays Have you ever received a problem-solution essay where you cannot think of anything to write? Although many of the forty million students in America go through this at one time or another, don't despair! There are several systematic ways to find a writing topic. Some topics take no research at all. Let's look at a few of them. First, the local newspaper may contain some interesting articles. The newspaper can be used as a utility to the writing process. Problems will present themselves in many newspaper articles. Articles will most likely contain many facts and quotations about a certain problem making the subject easily researchable in a short time. People must be careful, though, when using the newspaper. Many other people may use it as a source and you may find yourself writing about the same thing as someone else. Another solution might be to write in regard to your own past experiences that have involved problems and solutions. They may be problems you have had with your parents or siblings. A problem could be that you cannot decide on something and have to make a tough decision. Writing about a decision that you made about clothes will suffice. But in the view of someone else, the problem may seem insignificant. Both previous solutions may in some cases fail. If so, writing about not knowing what to write and how to solve that may lead to the best alternative. It may look as if the assignment was quickly jotted down due to the fact that there is no research to do, but if it is well written it can turn out to be a very good essay. When specific information is needed there are many things that could be doctored to suit the needs of the article.

Ijaraha

IJARAH – (Lease to Own) In mode of financing, lease is simply a transaction in which transfer of a property from one person to another person for an agreed time period on rental basis. Ijarah is an Islamic leasing contract, representing one of the most common modes of Islamic finance currently practice. Its popularity is due to strong parallel to convential leasing concept. The process of ‘Ijarah’ is very simple and easy to understand. This has been derived from the Arabic term â€Å"Ujr† or â€Å"Ujrat† which means ‘consideration' or ‘return' or ‘wages'.In simple words ‘Ijarah’ defines; contract of hiring, renting and leasing. This mode of financing is use in case of equipment as well as property. This mode of financing is better for both lessee and lessor. According to Islamic Shariah based rule, Ijarah is an agreement between the two parties (Lessor and Lessee. In this mode of financing; an owner (Lessor) transfers i ts usufruct to Lessee for an agreed time period on contract basis. In return, lessee obligation is to pay specific rent or rental for a fixed period. Period of lease and rental determined at the time of agreement.In Pakistan, this mode of transaction gained popularity to purchase car. Several products have been introduced by banks and institution to facilitate customers and provide car on affordable prices and rental prices. Key words 1. The Lessor (Mujjir) – The individual or organization who leases out/rents out the property or service is called the Lessor. 2. The lessee: (Mustajir) – The individual or organization who hires/takes the lease of the property or service against the consideration rent/wages/remuneration is called the lessee (Mustajir). . The Benefit (Maajur) – The benefit that is leased/rented out is called the benefit (Maajur). 4. The rent (Aj'r or Ujrat) – The consideration either in monetary terms or in quantity of goods fixed to be paid against the benefit of the goods or service is called the rent or Ujrat or Aj'r. Some important aspects of Ijarah Financing †¢ Subject of lease should be clearly defines in the agreement with the mutually understanding of the both parties. †¢ At the time of Ijarah transaction, asset or equipment in the ownership of the lessor. Only consumable items are permissible to lease out. Non consumable items are strictly prohibited to lease out. Example: Money, Wheat. E. g †¢ Duration of lease must be mentioned clearly in the agreement. †¢ Lessee acts as an ‘Ameen’. In case of any damage to asset will be borne by the lessee. On the other hand, any other loss or harm outside the control of the lessee, lessor is liable. †¢ Rent should be known at the time of contract. The lessor can not increase the rent unilaterally. Rent will start after the delivery of the asset. Process Flow 1.In first step customer find the bank with the request for financing and ente rs into an agreement with the bank. 2. The Bank buys an item (car or equipment) from the vendor. 3. Bank takes delivery of the car and title of ownership from the vendor. 4. The bank makes payment to vendor. 5. The bank signs the agreement of lease with the customer and transfer usufruct. 6. The customer makes periodic rental payment as per the contract. 7. According to the agreement, at the time of maturity customer can purchase the asset from the bank with the help of separate agreement.Only Difference 1. In sale transaction, title of property usually transferred to buyer. 2. But in case of Ijarah, title remains with the lessor. 3. Only the use of the property is transferred to the lessee. 4. Lessee pays rent to the lessor as per as the agreement. 5. At the time of maturity bank signed another agreement with the lessee and lessor gift the asset to the customer. After this transaction, lessee becomes the owner of the asset. This practice is known as â€Å" Ijarah – Wal â₠¬â€œ Iqtina â€Å" Basic Elements of Ijarah AgreementAccording to Shariah, there are three general terminology used for Ijarah agreement as follows: 1. Wording of the agreement: Offer and acceptance word must be included in the agreement. 2. Contracting Parties: This includes a Lessor, the owner of the property, and a lessee, the party that benefits from the use of the property. 3. Subject matter of the contract: This includes the rent and the benefit. Rent Calculation 1. Islamic banks calculate the cost of purchasing the asset that is to be leased and intend to earn an amount equal to the rate of interest. . Agreement between the parties provides that the rental will be equal to the rate of interest or in addition to something. 3. While the rate of interest is variable, it cannot be set for the whole duration of the lease. 4. It is permissible to divide the cost price of the Asset and ownership of the Lessor to the Asset into several parts and to sell each part of ownership on pay ment of proportionate price/equity of the Lessor under a separate sale contract. Ijaraha IJARAH – (Lease to Own) In mode of financing, lease is simply a transaction in which transfer of a property from one person to another person for an agreed time period on rental basis. Ijarah is an Islamic leasing contract, representing one of the most common modes of Islamic finance currently practice. Its popularity is due to strong parallel to convential leasing concept. The process of ‘Ijarah’ is very simple and easy to understand. This has been derived from the Arabic term â€Å"Ujr† or â€Å"Ujrat† which means ‘consideration' or ‘return' or ‘wages'.In simple words ‘Ijarah’ defines; contract of hiring, renting and leasing. This mode of financing is use in case of equipment as well as property. This mode of financing is better for both lessee and lessor. According to Islamic Shariah based rule, Ijarah is an agreement between the two parties (Lessor and Lessee. In this mode of financing; an owner (Lessor) transfers i ts usufruct to Lessee for an agreed time period on contract basis. In return, lessee obligation is to pay specific rent or rental for a fixed period. Period of lease and rental determined at the time of agreement.In Pakistan, this mode of transaction gained popularity to purchase car. Several products have been introduced by banks and institution to facilitate customers and provide car on affordable prices and rental prices. Key words 1. The Lessor (Mujjir) – The individual or organization who leases out/rents out the property or service is called the Lessor. 2. The lessee: (Mustajir) – The individual or organization who hires/takes the lease of the property or service against the consideration rent/wages/remuneration is called the lessee (Mustajir). . The Benefit (Maajur) – The benefit that is leased/rented out is called the benefit (Maajur). 4. The rent (Aj'r or Ujrat) – The consideration either in monetary terms or in quantity of goods fixed to be paid against the benefit of the goods or service is called the rent or Ujrat or Aj'r. Some important aspects of Ijarah Financing †¢ Subject of lease should be clearly defines in the agreement with the mutually understanding of the both parties. †¢ At the time of Ijarah transaction, asset or equipment in the ownership of the lessor. Only consumable items are permissible to lease out. Non consumable items are strictly prohibited to lease out. Example: Money, Wheat. E. g †¢ Duration of lease must be mentioned clearly in the agreement. †¢ Lessee acts as an ‘Ameen’. In case of any damage to asset will be borne by the lessee. On the other hand, any other loss or harm outside the control of the lessee, lessor is liable. †¢ Rent should be known at the time of contract. The lessor can not increase the rent unilaterally. Rent will start after the delivery of the asset. Process Flow 1.In first step customer find the bank with the request for financing and ente rs into an agreement with the bank. 2. The Bank buys an item (car or equipment) from the vendor. 3. Bank takes delivery of the car and title of ownership from the vendor. 4. The bank makes payment to vendor. 5. The bank signs the agreement of lease with the customer and transfer usufruct. 6. The customer makes periodic rental payment as per the contract. 7. According to the agreement, at the time of maturity customer can purchase the asset from the bank with the help of separate agreement.Only Difference 1. In sale transaction, title of property usually transferred to buyer. 2. But in case of Ijarah, title remains with the lessor. 3. Only the use of the property is transferred to the lessee. 4. Lessee pays rent to the lessor as per as the agreement. 5. At the time of maturity bank signed another agreement with the lessee and lessor gift the asset to the customer. After this transaction, lessee becomes the owner of the asset. This practice is known as â€Å" Ijarah – Wal â₠¬â€œ Iqtina â€Å" Basic Elements of Ijarah AgreementAccording to Shariah, there are three general terminology used for Ijarah agreement as follows: 1. Wording of the agreement: Offer and acceptance word must be included in the agreement. 2. Contracting Parties: This includes a Lessor, the owner of the property, and a lessee, the party that benefits from the use of the property. 3. Subject matter of the contract: This includes the rent and the benefit. Rent Calculation 1. Islamic banks calculate the cost of purchasing the asset that is to be leased and intend to earn an amount equal to the rate of interest. . Agreement between the parties provides that the rental will be equal to the rate of interest or in addition to something. 3. While the rate of interest is variable, it cannot be set for the whole duration of the lease. 4. It is permissible to divide the cost price of the Asset and ownership of the Lessor to the Asset into several parts and to sell each part of ownership on pay ment of proportionate price/equity of the Lessor under a separate sale contract.

Penn Foster English Essay

I. Introduction 1. Albert Einstein said, â€Å"Learning is not a product of schooling but the lifelong attempt to acquire it. † 2. Penn Foster is one route that helps motivated independent learners acquire the knowledge and certification they need. 3. Students' lives may change due to the decision to further their education. 4. I plan to use the following method balance work, family, and Penn Foster. II. Step 1: Figure Out What Really Matters in Life 1. Spending introspective time thinking about my life is the first step to achieving a balanced life. 2. I use an exercise for figuring out what matters most,† Laura Berman Fortgang (a personal coach) tells WebMD. She has her clients take a couple days off from work to contemplate the following series of questions: 1. If my life could focus on one thing and one thing only, what would that be? 2. If I could add a second thing, what would that be? † and so on. (WebMD) 3. After the list is compiled, then the plan is to de partmentalize my life. 4. When I'm at home with the family, I will focus and concern myself with them. 5. However, when I'm working on Penn Foster, I will only be thinking about learning and completing assignments. . This will help me to spend quality time in the areas that are most important. III. Step 2: Figure Out â€Å"Musts† vs â€Å"Shoulds† 1. The next step will be to figure out the difference between â€Å"Musts† vs â€Å"Shoulds. † 2. â€Å"We always manage to find time for those things that we decide we must do and its the things we think we should do that get left by the way side. † (Caroline) 3. To do this, I need to take my list from Step 1 and decide which activities on the list must I do. 4. Then, I need to take activities that I would like to do and put them in the should category. 5. While I do this, I need to be careful not to put too many commitments into the must column. 6. The reason is to not overwhelm myself and over commit my time. 7. Some of my musts will be family, work, and Penn Foster. 8. Right now, everything else in my life I consider a â€Å"should† until school is finished. IV. Step 3: Take Daily â€Å"Time-Outs† 1. The last step to ensure that I can balance my life is to take daily â€Å"time-outs. † 2. â€Å"Take a nap, a walk, or a mini-meditation break with a few minutes of silence. Maintain daily rituals, such as teatime, meditation, prayer, exercise. †(Womensnet) 3. By doing this, I can adapt myself to my new hectic schedule. 4. I will be able to maintain my energy throughout the day. 5. Keeping daily â€Å"time-outs† will ensure that I keep my sanity and they will give me something to look forward to throughout the day. V. Conclusion 1. Maintaining a balance between work, life, and Penn Foster can be accomplished using these three steps. 2. The first step is to figure out what really matters in life. 3. Then, I will create a must and should list. 4. After that, I will ensure I take â€Å"time-outs† to give myself a routine to look forward to during my day. . By doing these three steps, I can balance it all. Works Cited â€Å"Easy Steps to Work-Life Balance | Grants For Women in Business | Loans and Credit for Women Business Owners | Grants For Small Business. † Grants For Women in Business | Loans and Credit for Women Business Owners | Grants For Small Business. 24 Mar. 2009 . discover, you may. â€Å"5 Tips for Better Wor k-Life Balance. † WebMD – Better information. Better health.. 24 Mar. 2009 . way, the, and I wouldn&. â€Å"How to Find the Right Work-Life Balance: 6 Steps | Caroline Middlebrook. † Caroline Middlebrook. 24 Mar. 2009 .

Pomegranate story

The internal rate of return was found to be In the range of 57-59 per cent which was much higher compared to the cost of capital (9. 5 percent) and hence highly profitable. Overall, the proposition of growing pomegranate crop was highly profitable as revealed by the financial feasibility tests. Key words : Investment pattern, cost, returns, pomegranate Introduction per cent of the total area under pomegranate in the district. Hence, Chalkier and Hurry talk was specifically selected for the study.The top villages having larger area under pomegranate cultivation were selected. The Information on area under pomegranate crop and number of pomegranate growers from the selected villages was obtained from the respective village accountants (Total). A proportionate sample of ten per cent of the population from each village was selected randomly. Thus, the total size of the sample selected for the study was 120. The average age of the ample farmers in both talk was found to be 44 years and mo re than 50% farmers depended mainly on agriculture as their primary occupation.Around 25% tot tatters in the selected talks completed their primary education were as the per cent of illiterate farmer in the selected talks ranged from 12 to 15%. So far as size of family was concerned, it was found to be 7 members in family in both talks. The average size of holding of sample farmers was 2. 30 and 2. 89 ha and the average size of the pomegranate orchards was 1. 58 and 1. 47 ha in Chalkier and Hurry talks respectively. The varieties of pomegranate grown in the study area were Ganges or Baggy type. The range of age of bearing orchards was 4 to 15 years.The expected productive life span of pomegranate orchard as estimated by the respondents was 25 years. On an average plant population per ha was 375. For analyzing the data collected during the study, tabular analysis and financial analysis were employed. The technique Material and methods of tabular analysis was employed for estimating t he investment Pomegranate cultivation is practiced throughout the district. Pattern, maintenance cost of pomegranate, pattern of labor However, the large scale litigation of pomegranate is use, yield and return structure of pomegranate etc.In order to concentrated mainly in Chalkier and Hurry talk extending know the relative profitability of investment in pomegranate on an area of 260 and 628 hectares and forming 20. 08 and 48. 42 cultivation measures of project evaluation namely. Pay Back * Part of M. Sc. (Agar. ) thesis submitted by the first author to the University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharma – 580 005, India Horticulture is a fast growing sector and expects comparatively lower requirements of water and easy adaptability to adverse soil and waste land situations.The productivity of fruits and vegetables is of vital importance as it provides higher cash income than cereals per unit of land. India is one of the leading countries in pomegranate production and more than 1. 32 lake hectare area is under cultivation presently. Out of this, nearly 94,000 hectare area is covered in Maharajah's, which produces fruits of over 1 lake metric tones worth about RSI. 400 scores. In Chitchatted district of Karakas, where the study has been conducted pomegranate is being grown on commercial scale. The area under pomegranate in the district is 1297 ha (10. 9 % of total area under pomegranate in the state). Dry land horticulture is picking up fast in the district. The important horticulture crops grown in the district are pomegranate, Saputo, Beer and Papaya. Study of the economics of pomegranate production is indispensable since there is no proper farm business data on its cost of production. The accurate figures on establishment cost, operating cost and input requirement of pomegranate orchard could be of great help to the pomegranate growers of Chitchatted district in particular.Therefore, an attempt was made to study the investment pattern in pomegranate orch ard and to compute the cost and returns in pomegranate litigation in Chitchatted district. 164 Karakas J. Agric. Sic. ,24 (2) : 2011 Period (BP), Net Present Value (NAP), Benefit Cost Ratio (BCC), and Internal Rate of Return (AIR) were computed. Results and discussion The cost of establishing a pomegranate orchard up to bearing can be broadly classified into establishment cost and maintenance cost.So, the establishment cost included not only the costs incurred in the zero years that is at the time of planting but also the costs incurred in maintaining the plants till the time of bearing that is up to three years tot planting. For establishing, pomegranate orchard investment NAS to e made on land, well, pump set, pump house, plant material, digging of pits and sprayer and these costs together constituted the material costs of establishment. These costs have to be invested during the year of establishment of the orchard and are considered as the costs incurred during zero year in the study.During next three years farmers has to maintain the orchard by applying fertilizers, manures, chemicals irrigation etc. The costs incurred by the farmers on all these items for the three years are grouped together as cost of maintenance. The total costs of establishment (Table 1) were found to be 1,90,888. 1 and 1,89,644. 33 per ha of which material costs constituted 56. 87 and 58. 15 per cent and maintenance costs 43. 13 and 41. 85 per cent in Chalkier and Hurry talk respectively. Similar results were obtained by Giuliani (1990) in his study of the pattern of investment in pomegranate orchards in Bujumbura district, Karakas.The establishment cost 24,229. 53) consisted of material cost in the initial year (85. 65) and maintenance cost (49. 35%) Upton bearing three years. The material cost included the value of land, plant material, cost of digging of pits and planting, well, pump set, pump house, and sprayer. The per hectare total establishment cost worked out to be 24, 224. 5 3 and returns per orchard was 45,429. 96. The maintenance cost (Table 2) as indicated in the results included the wages of labor as well as cost of materials utilized and fixed costs in Chalkier talk. It was observed that out of Table 1 .Investment pattern in pomegranate orchards SSL. No. Particulars total maintenance cost the major component was variable cost followed by material cost and fixed cost. Under the variable cost the labor cost formed an important cost accounting nearly 50 per cent of total maintenance cost, since the crops require Geiger amount labor involvement to prefer the important activity like loosening the soil around the trunk and formation of basin, watch and ward, pruning and training and land preparation etc. Among material cost the major component fertilizers, PC and manure.Since the pomegranate crop is responsively to nutrient and as well as in the recent year the diseases like bacterial blight and anthracnose have created lot of problem hence to control th ese diseases the farmers have been trying with different chemicals thus the expenses on these items were found to be higher. So far as fixed cost is concerned the rental value of land formed the major cost component and it is observed that because of the higher productivity of the land and crops which are higher profit fronted the farmers to go for renting of land for the production of pomegranate crops.Even for the farmer who has been entering this crop on their own land where imputed the rental value taking into consideration ongoing rental rate the cost worked out to be higher. Since the opportunity cost of land was taken into consideration for calculating the rental value of land,it was found to vary over the years. In Hurry talk, the maintenance cost (Table 3) included the wages of labor as well as cost of materials utilized and the fixed costs. It was observed that variable cost formed an important component followed by material cost and fixed cost.