Friday, December 27, 2019

Advantages of Learning Languages - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 298 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Advantages of learning languages In this globalized world that is fast paced and hyper connected, learning diverse languages equips one with several advantages. There are personal, social and cultural benefits that are associated with learning diverse languages. Individuals that learn many languages are able to boost their mental power. This is because earning a new language puts the brain into the task of recognizing new language through being able to express oneself through different ideas. This makes the brain into being more sharp on the skills of such as problem solving. Reading and negotiation. Learning new languages enables the individuals to develop the abilities of multitasking. People who are able to learn and understand other languages completely are able to cope with activities that are demanding and stressful since they have developed their brain into multi-tasking in a challenging task of learning a new language. These capabilities are transferred even into other activities hence they are able to juggle from one activity to another with minimal distraction. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Advantages of Learning Languages" essay for you Create order The last advantages of learning new languages are that one is able to improve his or her memories as well as developing a mind that is more attentive and keener. Since learning new languages entail applying new information to the brain through familiarizing oneself with new vocabularies and thereafter memorizing these new pieces of information, this process leads to strengthening the memory of the brain. Brains that are familiarized with new information and are kept active through exercising the new information learnt such through recalling the new words learnt, makes the brain to improve greatly on its memory capacity. The same applies in making the mind being keener and alert. Individuals that learn new languages become critical thinkers since they have developed their minds and molded them into being more perceptive.

Thursday, December 19, 2019

Book Report on Baseball A History of Americas Game by...

Book Report on Baseball: A History of Americas Game by Benjamin G. Rader In Baseball: A History of Americas Game, the Author Benjamin G. Rader discusses the history of baseball and how it developed to present day. Rader explains how baseball started as a simple game consisting of no rules besides the players using a stick to hit a ball and its constant evolution to what the game is today. He also displays several issues which Americas favorite sport has had while†¦show more content†¦Rader illustrates how the club organization such as the Knickerbockers showed respect to the game by starting post game ceremonies. He gives an example of how the winning team would receive the game ball with the score stencil ed on it to display in their trophy case. The growing crowd of spectators and the overall love of the game helped launch the platform for the formation of the National League in 1876. Rader says since the love of baseball was growing within society so were the number of spectators coming to the games. This overall growth caused several issues with the games development and within the players character. One issue that occurred is the owners of the baseball fields began to put up fences around their fields and charge admission prices for the fans. He states that William Cammeyer was the first individual to build a fence around his field. Radar believes this was the actual start of professional baseball playing. With the revenue the baseball society started to become greedy and many charges of gambling and game dumping occurred. He gives an example of when gamblers sh ot their pistols just so the fielder would drop the ball and they would win the bet. The reason the owners and players did this was to make sure the majority of the fans were happy and would continue to come to

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Basseri of Iran Past and Present free essay sample

Basseri of Iran: Past and Present Jonathan Hixon ANT101 Instructor Brown-Warren February 24, 2013 When the Achamenian emperors of ancient Persia built their capital at Persepolis, in a valley of the Zagros, they did so with strategy in mind. Persepolis was placed in a common â€Å"bottleneck† in the annual migration routes of several tribes from the warm coastal plains to the cool summer pastures in the north. Twice a year, several whole confederations of tribes had to pass by Persepolis with all of their wealth in sheep, goats, and horses, and he who ruled Persepolis ruled what then was Persia. One of the tribes that still use this route today is the Basseri of Iran. (Coon, 1962) The Basseri of Iran was a nomadic pastoralist society from the beginning of their existence. The Basseri are located in southwest Iran and were housed in tents. Each tent housed a nuclear family and many tents made up a camp for the Basseri. An independent household occupied every tent in a camp. The tents were arranged in groups of smaller groups that usually would put all of their flocks of animals into one unit that was taken care of by one shepherd. A shepherd was usually a younger boy or girl from different tents that took care of the smaller camp’s flocks. Some families would hire a shepherd from other tents if they did not have the means to provide a qualified shepherd of their own. Nomadic pastoralists had no permanent settlements; instead, complete households shift location with the herd. House structures were highly moveable, such as a tent or yurt, a portable, felt-covered, wood lattice-framed dwelling structure used in the steppes of Central Asia among Kazakh and Kirghiz pastoralists. Pastoralists moved for a number of reasons other than following water and forage for their herds. Herders also moved to avoid neighboring peoples and government control, thus reducing disease, insects, and competition for resources, while abstaining from taxation and circumscription into military service. (Nowak amp; Laird, 2010) In the past, the Basseri of Iran were nomadic pastoralists, but the Basseri have started to come into a culture of a more advanced technological culture in today’s time. The Basseri have now become more dvanced in their culture with the world we all live in today while respecting the culture they came from in decades past. The social organization of the Basseri is clearly simple, but effective as a organized system of leadership. The Basseri chief is the head of a very strongly centralized political system and has immense authority over all the members of the Basseri tribe. The chief, in his dealing with the headmen, draws on their power and influence but does not delegate any of his own power back to them. Some material goods – mostly gifts of some economic and prestige value, such as riding horses and weapons – flow from the chief to the headmen. A headman is in a politically convenient position: he can communicate much more freely with the chief than can ordinary tribesmen, and thus can bring up cases that are to his own advantage and, to some extent, block or delay the discussion of matters detrimental to his own interests. Nonetheless, the political power that a headman derives from the chief is very limited. Johnson, 1996) The Basseri as noted are divided into camps of tents, which may or may not have a headman present in a particular camp. If a camp does not have a headman present, then that camp will usually have an informal leader who were recognized by the other headmen, but had no formal recognition by the Basseri chief. For this reason (not being formally recognized by the Basseri chief) the informal leaders still usually answered to an â€Å"official† h eadman in another camp which could bring things up before the chief if something needed to be addressed. The head of the household (or tent) would be the person responsible for bringing things up to an informal leader or a headman for discussion with the chief when things needed to be brought to the attention of the chief for social or political discussion. This political organization is not so hard to grasp as one of a huge population like we see in the United States. In summary, one could see that there are tents that housed families, a head of household for that tent, an informal leader or headman and finally the chief (who would be over many different camps and tents within those camps). This political organization would be closely compared to, for instance, a police department chain of command in where you have the chief, then the captains (compared to the headmen), then sergeants (informal leaders), corporals (heads of households), and finally the troops (members of the individual households). This was a way I could compare and understand the political organization of the Basseri people easily. The economic function of the Basseri was that of true importance to the tents/households ability to sustain themselves. The economic function of the Basseri lies in the occupancy of pastures throughout the migratory fashion of the Basseri. Tents are the basic element of the economic unit in the Basseri community. As much as they are social units, tents are also the basic units of production and consumption. In the summer, there might have been as many as thirty or forty tents that made up a camp; however in the winter months, camps were reduced down to approximately two to five tents and were separated from other camps by three or four kilometers. The Basseri keep a variety of domesticated animals, but sheep and goats have the greatest economic importance. Other domesticated animals include donkeys for transport and riding (mainly by women and children), horses for riding only (predominately by men), camels for heavy transport and wool, and dogs for keeping watch in camp. (Johnson, 1996) Their products obtained from their flocks sustain the Basseri community. The Basseris’ most important products for trade included milk, lambskins, and wool, in that order. The Basseri spins, weave wool and goat-hair, and make their own tent poles, pack-saddles, and cordage. The rest of their equipment is bought from townsmen and gypsies, their vegetable food from villagers. Some of the Basseri own village lands from which they receive shares of the crops. (Coon, 1962) Community members trade in their milk, hides and other animal products at bazaars in surrounding towns and use this money to purchase other types of food such as vegetables, clothing and other necessities. As John Dowling argues, it is informative to contrast the Basseri with another pastoral people, the Turkana of Tanganyika. Both the Basseri and the Turkana are nomadic, both have productive organizations that are family based, both pasture their animals on tribally owned lands to which all individuals have usufruct rights, and in both societies animals are culturally ascribed to individuals property. But the orientation of the Turkana pastoralist is vastly different than that of the Basseri. The Turkana pastoralist produces primarily for consumption, the Basseri for sale. (Dowling, 1975) Dowling goes on to say that the Basseri go frequently to the market, buying material for women’s clothing, men’s ready made clothing, goods of tanned leather (shoes, saddles, etc. ), wheat flour (a staple), sugar, tea, dates, fruits, vegetables, glass ware, china, metal articles (cooking utensils, etc. ), narcotics, luxury goods such as women’s jewelry and carpets, and, for those who are able, land. The Turkana could live without external trade; they are self-sufficient subsistence producers. The Basseri are market dependent. (Dowling, 1975) Gender roles of the Basseri were clearly defined and adhered to by the members of the Basseri camps and tents. The gender roles of the Basseri are clearly defined by the community. When it comes to the tent, all authority lies with the husband (head of household). The husband was the decision-making person in the household and all were expected to adhere to the decisions made by the husband. Women had less significant power and were generally their roles were to take care of the day-to-day domestic operations of the tent or household. Women were also considered part of a man’s wealth and it was quite common for a wealthy man to marry more than one wife. Daughters had no rights in choosing a marriage partner as this decision was solely made by the husband/father and the father of the boy the daughter was to marry. Most families viewed the girl children as a means of gaining wealth since they understood that the girl would attract a certain amount of bride wealth into the family. The boy child was of more use to the community as a whole. The boys could look after the herds (even though there were cases that I read where girls were allowed to do shepherding duties as well) and protect and help the communities in the struggle between other communities. Marriage among the Basseri was arranged and it was not possible for a girl of the tent to have much of a say in who she would marry. As stated before, the Basseri of Iran have households that are referred to as tents; within a tent, there were nuclear families that had members of households headed by the husband who was considered head of his tent or household. The husband or head of the tent was the one who made all arrangements for marriages of his sons and daughters under their tents. The husbands would discuss with members of other tents who show interests in his sons or daughters and together, they would arrange marriages between the sons and daughters of other tents or households. The parties that were to get married usually had very little options but to accept what had been decided for them and accepted the marriage. The father of the bride would have to pay the bride price in the form of livestock and would also be expected to give a share of his animals to the new couple as a form of inheritance. This inheritance ould form the means of subsistence for the newly married couple/family. A married man may arrange subsequent marriages for himself, whereas all women and unmarried boys are subject to the authority of a marriage guardian, who is the head of their household. The marriage contract is often drawn up and written by a nontribal ritual specialist, or holy man. It stipulates certain bride-payments for the girl and the domestic equipment she is expected to bring, and the divorce or widow’s insurance, which is a prearranged share of the husband’s estate, payable upon divorce or in the event of his death. Johnson, 1996) Basseri are slowly becoming more and more settled in todays society and some are moving away from the traditional nomadic pastoralist ways of culture and moving towards a more modern approach to life. While there are still nomadic pastoralists today among the Basseri, many of the Basseri have begun to settle down and become a more settled culture. Poverty and debt lead a household to consume their capital in livestock; this makes them poorer, which makes it harder to make ends meet. More capital is consumed, and with no alternative sources of wealth available, settlement is inevitable. (Bradburd, 1989) Successful Basseri build up their herds, accumulating hundreds or thousands of animals. Fearful of losing their wealth to disease and the vulnerabilities of nature, herders convert this capital into an alternative form of wealth, such as land in local villages. The land is cultivated by villagers as tenant farmers, including unsuccessful Basseri who lost their herds and ended up as agricultural laborers. Nowak amp; Laird, 2010) Bradburd argues that not only poor Basseri settled; wealthy Basseri were driven to settle both by the risks of pastoralism, which threatened them with a return to poverty, and by the fact that the economic realities of their situation did not provide a return commensurate with their risk. (Bradburd, 1989) With increased modernization, many of the Basseri have learned of other subsistence means that are more profitable and have shifted away from the traditional Basseri culture or pastoralists. Traditionally, the Basseri of south western Iran are nomadic pastoralists and they continue to be that way in today’s time, but the number of traditional nomadic pastoralists among the Basseri people a very few. Most Basseri have begun to move towards a more modern approach in living and have settled down in villages or even more urban areas to obtain jobs that sustain life easier than their ancestors had in previous years. In the past, the Basseri of Iran were nomadic pastoralists, but the Basseri have started to come into a culture of a more advanced technological culture in today’s time. The Basseri have now become more advanced in their culture with the world we all live in today while respecting the culture they came from in decades past. Most texts agree that many of the settled people in the southwestern area of Iran either were Basseri or are descendants of Basseri. Even though there are still traditional nomadic pastoralist Basseri in the region, they have become small in number; but the one’s that exist today, value their lifestyle and don’t want to change the way they have been living for many years.

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

Safety and risk management

Abstract Safety and risks have continuously caused a lot of interest in workplace environment. The reason is that workplace hazards have resulted in increased injuries and deaths. As such, risk and safety management is critical in ensuring safe working environment. Moreover, managing risk and safety in the workplace often begin by organisations’ commitment to healthy and safety working environment.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Safety and risk management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, organisation’s managers need the understanding and corporation of all stakeholders in order to implement established safety measures. Management has to demonstrate their commitment to safety measures in order to attain the objectives of the safety procedures. The paper tends to explore various approaches to safety and risk management procedures particularly within organisations. Moreover, the paper wil l draw from the work of various scholars to explore the concepts of risk and safety management. Introduction Managing risk and safety in the workplace often begin by organisations’ commitment to healthy and safety working environment. Moreover, organisations’ managers need the understanding and corporation of all stakeholders in order to implement established safety measures. Management has to demonstrate their commitment to safety measures in order to attain the objectives of the safety procedures (Clarke 360). Such commitments are demonstrated through constant involvement in safety issues, investments in safety measures and ensuring that all stakeholders understand the needs for safety. Safe workplace environment are often attained through risk and safety management process. Safety and management process is a series of systems put in place to ensure risks and hazards occurring in the workplace are prevented. As such, safety and risk management revolves around prevent ion of possible hazards within the workplace. Risk and safety management The management of risk within an organisation involves a series of steps and procedures ranging from identification of the probable hazard to establishing control measures particularly on the impending impact of the possible hazard. Within the continuum of procedures are the assessments, prioritisation, coordination, evaluation and application of resources to reduce the possibility of hazardous occurrences (Brenner 251). Modern organisations establish procedural measures that ensure reduction of the possibility of risk occurrences while optimising on attaining probable prospects. In the organisation setting, risks arise from varied sources. In particular, risks may result from uncertainties in financial management, legal charges, project failures, natural disasters, industrial accidents, natural causes as well as an attack from competitors. Risks from any source pose a serious threat to the growth and developme nt of the organisation (Bjerkan 451). Even though occurrences of risks may be unpredictable, most organisations are establishing procedures and standards that would mitigate the occurrences of hazards.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, risk management standards have been developed across various organisations and institutions. However, their scope, objectives, goals and methods varies with the context in which it is developed. For instance, risk standards for project management differ with the standards set for engineering and security. In other words, risk management standards are unique to a given area. The risk management procedures are based on the strategies established to manage uncertainties having harmful impacts. Such strategies involve transfer of probable risk, understanding the potential benefits as well as reducing the harmful effect (Bjerkan 451). Moreo ver, understanding the potential benefits of uncertainties is one of the most important strategies in managing risks. The standards and procedures in risk management As indicated, risk management involves a series of steps ranging from identification of the probable hazard to establishing control measures. Identification is the understanding or measuring the possibilities of any potential hazards occurrences. In fact, identification is the process of knowing the type of risk that would occur (Fenn 467). Once the risk has been identified, assessment is done on the probability of occurrence as well as the consequences. Evaluations are undertaken to determine the consequences and possible duration the risk is likely to take in order to occur. Risk assessments are often carried out through the application of various procedures. However, scientific methods are preferred in the evaluation of risks. In ideal management of risks, prioritisation involves arranging hazards according to the ef fects and possibilities of occurrences. Hazards with the most harmful effect as well as risks with the highest possibility of occurring are given first priority. Prioritisation enables management to deal first with risks that have increased possibilities of occurrence as well as those with greater impacts (Brenner 251). However, identifying risks with the highest probability of occuring but having low impacts and hazards with high impacts but low probability of occurring could be challenging. In practice, identification, assessing and prioritisation of such risks are quite difficult. Some aspects of risk management create serious challenge to the organisations. For instance, dealing with intangible, relationship, process-engagement as well as knowledge risks have been demanding to most organisations. Intangible risks often have the highest possibility of occurring.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Safety and risk management specifically for you for on ly $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, such risks are overlooked by organisations because of deficiencies in the capacity to detect such risks. Moreover, knowledge risks become visible when scarce comprehension is applied in a particular state of affairs. In the same context, relationship risks occur when unproductive relationships come about (Fenn 467). In addition, process engagement risks take place when an organisation applies unsuccessful operational procedures. The identified risks are directly involved in the reduction of organisations’ productivity particularly on skilled workforce. Moreover, such risks have direct impact the firms earning due to reduced quality in products and services. Further, intangible risks reduce the brand popularity and quality. Intangible risks increase the cost of operations both directly and indirectly. Understanding the problems associated with intangible risks enables organisations enhance their efforts towards risk reducti on procedures. Problems also emerge during distribution of funds to various sectors or sections. In most cases, resource allocation involves prioritisation and opportunity costs. Organisations often find it difficult to allocate resources in the risk and safety management when other sections are of high priority. In other words, risk management is not often prioritized in many organisations. However, organisations that invest in risk management have benefits with positive long-term effects on the operations (Fenn 467). In appropriate management of risks, expenditures on other areas such as labour are minimized while negative impacts of any hazard are also reduced. The reason is that reduction of negative effects of risks contributes equally to the general profits organisation gain from investment in other areas considered important. Essentially, the management of risks is equally important business process that organisations have to undertake. Principles of safety and risk managemen t Practically, safety and risk management should create value to the organisation. In other words, the gains from resources invested in the mitigation of safety hazards should be more than the impacts of the vulnerability to danger. In other words, resources spent on the prevention of hazards should be less in relation to the impacts of not taking action. Moreover, safety and risk management should be incorporated in the organisations’ activities. Besides being part of the organisations’ decision-making processes, safety and risk management procedures should adequately deal with improbability and suppositions. In addition, safety and risk management procedures should be efficient and well thought-out. In addition to transparency and inclusiveness, safety and risk management system should be tailored towards desired outcome and based on the informed opinion. Moreover, safety management system should take into consideration human factors, self-motivation and be iterative as well as receptive to constant transformations. Further, procedures in the safety and risk management system should be susceptible to continuous improvement and development.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The processes in risk and safety management As indicated, the processes in risk and safety management consist of various steps and procedures ranging from identification of the possible danger to establishing mitigation. Besides, the risk and safety management processes should follow the standard procedures as set out in the regulatory frameworks or institutions. In risk management, the process often begins from context establishment. Establishing the context is the process of identifying the framework or outline that will guide the management procedures. The framework is also provided in the safety management system. Workplace safety management Most organisations are required to establish safety management systems in their operations. The safety management systems are the efficient and organised approach to executing safety measures. In broad categorisation, safety management systems comprises of organisations’ structures, measures of accountability, strategies and methods ( Brenner 251). Specifically, the safety management systems consists of various elements including precise dedications to safety by the organisations’ administration, appointing employees to be in charge of safety measures, prior identification of risks and mitigations, investigating and auditing safety measures as well as safety performance evaluation. The elements of the safety management system are within the required safety practices and standards. The major aim of integrating safety management structures into the functions of organisation is to decrease the chances of accidents occurrences and to improve employees’ safety particularly in high-risk industries (Bjerkan 452). Currently, safety management systems are rarely evaluated in most organisations yet safety concerns are on the rise. The reason is that most organisations have not developed appropriate empirical safety evaluation procedures that would enable proper functioning of the safety management systems. Mo reover, it has not been empirically determined whether some elements in the safety management system have more influence. However, studies indicate that management commitments and sufficient safety communications have greater effect on the attitudes to safety (Bjerkan 451). Organisations that have strong commitments to safety and invest on safety measures always have positive benefits from the safety standards. In the context of high-risk organisations, safety management systems are the planned, acknowledged and certifiable procedures of administering vulnerability to danger and related risk. In other words, safety management system is the procedural approach to risk management. As indicated, managing risks require organisations’ structures that support implementation of the set procedures, accountabilities on the part of management as well as strategies geared towards attaining the safety goals (Fenn 467). Even though various organisations have different approaches to safety and risk management, the most applied standard procedures include the recognition of safety measures, counteractive action or activity that would ensure sustenance of safety performance, regular evaluation and constant monitoring of safety performance and ensuring incessant enhancement on safety measures (Clarke 360). The procedural approaches to the risk management have to be supported by empirical evidence. In other words, the safety management system must be based on scientific methods and evidences. In fact, safety management systems reflect a collective practices and strategies that organisations utilise to ensure safety of their workers as well as other stakeholders. However, the safety management system is a general approach to safety standards. Nevertheless, organisations are advised to devise their own systems of risk management depending on the circumstances, type of business processes and operations as well as industry. In other words, organisations are expected to be ac countable for the administration of their distinctive engineering risks. As such, self-regulations on safety management are imperative. Essentially, self-regulations on safety management are founded on the notion that organisations have to be accountable for the management of its exceptional hazard profile (Bjerkan 449). In other words, self-regulations present the need for organisations to take rational realistic procedures that would ensure safety of their employees. Self-regulations are supported by the need of organisations to have better safety management system. In addition, the need to have increased management initiatives to safety as well as augmented participation on the part of employees form the basis for self-regulations in safety management. Essentially, self-regulatory activities should be founded on the standard safety management systems particularly in a high-risk environment (Bjerkan 449). Safety management systems are combination of safety-related procedures that enable organisations carry out their roles within the continuum of self-regulations. Self-regulations and safety management systems procedures has proved to be effective in safety management across industries. However, the emphasis has been on the workplace health and safety. The benefits of safety management system Whereas safety management systems procedures are different according to each industrial domain, the premise is that the procedures would result in increased safety performance (Bjerkan 449). Moreover, the real benefits of safety management system are varied within the organisation. Essentially, safety management system is critical to the success of organisations. Appropriate execution of safety management system should result in the attainment of the organisations’ goals. In addition, the implementation of safety management system should enhance the organisations’ safety performance through prior identification and putting in place measures that would lead to the reduction of hazards. Effective implementation of safety management system would lead to the reduction of accidents occurrences particularly within high-risk organisations. Reduced occurrences of incidences and accidents also lead to reduced costs (Clarke 360). In essence, appropriate safety management system procedures would lead to the reduction of both direct and indirect costs associated with safety and risk management. Indirect costs include insurance premium as well as hospital bills that organisations may incur because of hazardous incidences. However, with proper management of safety procedures, such indirect costs are reduced considerably. Other benefits include safety recognition by the organisations’ stakeholders including clients and employees. Such recognitions are critical for the positive relationship organisations build with the stakeholders as well as communities in which they operates. In other words, organisations will be perceived as socially and et hically responsible particularly when the concern is on risks associated with environmental hazards (Bjerkan 451). Generally, effective safety management system leads to the prevention of incidences and accidents related to hazards. Studies indicate that organisations with effective safety management procedures have reduced chances of accidents occurring. In addition, such organisations have increased benefits of safety measures. Moreover, organisations with practicable and appropriate safety management system have a proof of diligence in case legal safety investigations are conducted. However, the benefits vary with the organisation and industry. In high-risk industries, the benefits of appropriate safety management system are more pronounced (Fenn 467). Conclusion The risk management process involves a series of steps and procedures ranging from identification of the probable hazard to establishing control measures particularly on the impending impact of the possible danger. Furth er, the process begins by establishing context. Establishing the context is the process of identifying the framework or outline that will guide the management procedures. However, within the continuum of procedures are the assessments, prioritisation, coordination, evaluation and application of resources to reduce the possibility of hazardous occurrences. Modern organisations establish procedural measures that ensure reduction of the possibility of risk occurrences while optimising on attaining probable prospects. In the context of managing security in the workplace, safety management systems are established. Safety management systems comprises of organisations’ structures, measures of accountability, strategies and methods. Specifically, the safety management systems consists of various elements consisting of precise dedication to safety by the organisation administration, appointing employees in charge of safety measures, prior identification of risks and mitigations, inves tigating and auditing safety measures as well as safety performance evaluation. As indicated, managing safety and risks in the workplace involves various processes including identification of the risks, evaluation and prioritisation. Even though scholars tend to differentiate the two concepts, management practitioners use the terms interchangeably in workplace safety management. In addition, there are no specified standard procedures that have to be followed in risk and safety management. Studies indicate that organisations tend to adopt measures that are appropriate to the situation and industry in which they operate. Works Cited Bjerkan, Anne. â€Å"Health, environment, safety culture and climate – analysing the relationships to occupational accidents.† Journal of Risk Research, 13.1 (2010): 445-477. Print. Brenner, Mark â€Å"‘Flexible’ work practices and occupational safety and health: exploring the relationship between cumulative trauma disorders and workplace transformation.† Industrial Relations, 43.4 (2004): 242-266. Print. Clarke, Sharon â€Å"A meta-analytic review of the Big Five personality factors and accident involvement in occupational and non-occupational settings.† Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78.6, (2005): 355-376. Print. Fenn, Paul. â€Å"Workplace risk, establishment size and union density.† British Journal of Industrial Relations, 42.16 (2004): 461-480. Print. 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Wednesday, November 27, 2019

How does Reginald Rose establish and maintain a sense of tension in Twelve Angry Men Essay Example

How does Reginald Rose establish and maintain a sense of tension in Twelve Angry Men Paper Throughout the play Twelve Angry Men, the author Reginald Rose uses multiple dramatic techniques to establish and maintain a sense of tension. In this essay, I will analyze these techniques and suggest how they make the storyline so effective. Reginald Rose bases all of the tension and suspense around the social and historical context of the era. At the time, Americans are concerned with the huge influx of immigrants and there is a great deal of racial tension between Juror 11 and the other jurors. Each separate juror has their own background, personality and morals and inside the jury room we see how they react to each other and the dynamics of the group. On the face of it, the case put forward to them seems clear cut, but the arguments which evolve from the individual differences between each juror completely change the final outcome. Although a plot which is set in one singly location throughout its duration seems dull, Rose has used a small but particular set of techniques to mould Twelve Angry Men into the play it is and eventually produce one of the most thrilling pieces of literature of the past century. We will write a custom essay sample on How does Reginald Rose establish and maintain a sense of tension in Twelve Angry Men specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How does Reginald Rose establish and maintain a sense of tension in Twelve Angry Men specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How does Reginald Rose establish and maintain a sense of tension in Twelve Angry Men specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer These techniques include: the set, the weather outside, stage directions, contrasts of changes in mood and tone, gesture, conflicts and alliances between jurors and the backgrounds of each juror. All of these are used at least once to demonstrate the atmosphere and growing tension inside the jury room. The play opens to an empty stage with the judge issuing his final orders to the jury. They must deliberate honestly and thoughtfully but also with a good conscience. The ruthlessness of the situation is immediately made clear when the judge reveals that the death sentence is mandatory in this case and that the bench will not entertain a recommendation for mercy. Rose has implemented tension almost immediately and this proves to have a great effect on the audience. The brief pause which follows indicates the jurors have suddenly realised the severity of the situation which they now find themselves in. The words I dont envy your job are another indication of this. Rose has very deliberately done this as if to emphasise the words of the judge. With nothing else happening on stage, the audience will take in and understand his words as if they were the jurors themselves. Then tension has already been transferred from the stage to the audience a technique that brings a sense of realism to the play. The audience are suddenly feeling the tension and grave responsibility resting on the shoulders of the jurors. Juror 7 who seems to be the least concerned about the case in hand and more worried about a baseball match he is meant to be attending begins to diffuse this tension by offering a fellow juror a stick of gum. This signifies the contrasting attitudes towards the case inside the room and as far as an opening line goes, it suggests that the rest of the play may take a more laid back attitude. So within two pages, we have already experienced two twists that Rose has intentionally used to generate a sense of tension and uncertainty. Throughout Act One, Juror 8 emerges as the stand out character in the play. His arguments and disagreements with Juror 3 become a focus of not just the Act but the play as well. And as Juror 8 begins to persuade more of the other jurors that the boy on trial may be innocent, Juror 3 struggles to hide his frustration until tensions boil over at the end of the Act. Juror 3 has unintentionally divulged that he has a son similar to the boy on trial. He says: Ive got one (a son). Hes twenty. We did everything for that boy and what happened? When he was nine he ran away from a fight. Well, I made a man outa him all right. When he was sixteen we had a battle. He hit me in the face. Hes big, yknow. You work your heart out. This is a vital moment in the play. Suddenly, the whole background of one of the jurors is clouding the discussions which are taking place. Juror 3 envies his son and seems determined to take revenge on the boy on trial who he views as a similar boy to his son. The tension built up by this is intense and reflects on the other jurors. A spat between Jurors 10 and 5 breaks out as a result of the growing tension inside the room. And as Act One draws to a close, Rose demonstrates that tension is rising to the point of brinkmanship. Juror 3 rants: Shut up, you son of a bitch! Let go of me, God damn it! Ill kill him! Ill kill him. Juror 8 pounces and says: You dont really mean youll kill me, do you? The tension here is considerably higher than the rest of the play. A clear rivalry had broken out between two of the jurors and their fierce arguments take centre stage. Rose is using conflicts between jurors as a key technique in creating tension in the play. Act Two begins almost oppositely to how the proceeding Act ended. The other Jurors are trying to diffuse the tension in the air, and Juror 12 sheepishly kicks-off discussions again. Jurors 3 and 8 seem to disappear into the background after the climax in tension moments earlier. Despite watching from a distance for most of the play, the fierce discussions between Jurors 3 and 8 have rubbed off on the other jurors. They are snappier and seem on edge. Juror 7 sarcastically criticises Juror 6: Great idea. Maybe we can follow this one up with dancing and refreshments. This unpleasant atmosphere is reflected in the stormy weather outside another technique which creates tension that Rose has used to great effect. Even when proceedings return to some degree of normality, the regular ballots which are held maintain some level of tension. These also constantly remind the reader of where the jury stand on the case and this is a ploy by Rose to deliberately create this effect. Whereas at the beginning of the play, all the jurors were reasonably polite in their discussions with each other, small arguments start to crop up. The depressing atmosphere of the case has made an impact on the jurors themselves and the very civil deliberations have broken out into disorderly ramblings. Another technique used to create tension is when certain characters talk to each other about the case away from the rest of the characters. Like Juror 3 and Juror 8 made enemies of one another, soon the alliances which have been formed become clear in the deliberations. A good example of this in Act Two when the Forman and Juror 8 begin to talk about the incessant rain which is pouring down outside. Juror 3 meanwhile is gaining support from Juror 4 who still insists that the boy is guilty. These alliances are a focal point of the play and they contribute huge amounts to the tension. As each ballot is called, the numbers on each side change and so do the rivalries within the group. Juror 7, for instance, seemed convinced that the boy was guilty until he is eventually persuaded otherwise. The tension of the play reaches a non-stop crescendo as the storyline draws to a close. Just one Juror, Juror 3, is still in favour of a guilty verdict and he says: I dont care whether Im alone or not. Its my right. Do you think Im an idiot or something? You lousy bunch of bleeding hearts. Youre not going to intimidate me. Im entitled to my opinion. I can sit in this goddamn room for a year. From that moment on, it looks as if the Jury will not be able to reach a unanimous verdict. The story looks like having a disappointing ending, until a dramatic, sudden twist that not even the most learned audience members would have been expecting. Rose performs the most audacious of U-turns with suspense as much as tension and suddenly Juror 3s resistance is broken. And his backtrack comes as even more of a surprise after this bold statement: It was his father. That goddamn rotten kid. I know him. What theyre like. What they do to you. How they kill you every day. My God, dont you see? How come Im the only one who sees? Jeez, I can feel that knife goin in. You can almost reach out and touch the tension here. The entire Jury have practically begged Juror 3 to change his vote and spare the boy his life but he seems unwilling to oblige at this critical moment. The atmosphere in the room is anger as much as disappointment. Yet, Rose has not described this at all. The mere build up of tension in the pages before have provided the reader with enough information to gather the circumstances and feelings inside the room at this very moment. Juror 8, knowing that this would be his last plea, says: Its not your boy. Hes somebody elses before Juror 4, who had been on Juror 3s side for practically the entire case, delivers the most potent line of the entire play: Let him live. As the stage directions describe, theres a long pause before Juror 3 finally reveals that he has changed his mind. Out of choice or because of the mounting opposition he faced inside the room we will never know, but Juror 3 says weeping: All right. Not guilty. The huge ball of tensions almost swirling above the jurors suddenly diffuses. The case is over. The audience as well as the jurors breathe a sigh of relief. The rollercoaster ride which Reginald Rose has taken 12 men and one boy on slams to a dramatic halt. So as you can see, Reginald Rose uses multiple dramatic techniques to establish and maintain a sense of tension which makes 12 Angry Men the fantastic thriller that it is.

Saturday, November 23, 2019

sliver essays

sliver essays In the Decameron by Giovanni Boccaccio, women are portrayed as both aggressive and strong, as well as week and submissive. Giovanni Boccaccio was a man born in the wrong era since most writers were portraying women as objects for men and the women were almost always conniving. Boccaccio gave the women in his story a brain and showed that women ca Ernest Hemingway pulled from his past present experiences to develop his own thoughts concerning death, relationships, and lies. He then mixed these ideas, along with a familiar setting, to create a masterpiece. One such masterpiece written early in Hemingway's career is the short story, "Ind Literary Interpretation of The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Gilman I did not intend to drive people crazy, but to save people from being driven crazy... said Charlotte Perkins Gilman, author or The Yellow Wallpaper. Indeed this story could very easily drive one crazy. However, like Ms. Gilman stated, I dont believe that was h The Yellow Wallpaper - Journey into Insanity In "The Yellow Wallpaper", by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, the dominant/submissive relationship between an oppressive husband and his submissive wife pushes her from depression into insanity. Flawed human nature seems to play a great role in her breakdown. Her husband, a noted physician, is unwilling to admit that there might really b Thematic Comparison ofRevelation?,A Good Man A woman assaulted, a car accident ending with the car on its side, and an execution of an entire family make up images commonly found in horror stories or movies but rarely found in humor. Yet Flannery O?Connor, a female writer in the mid-1900's, found a way to incorporate them into her religiously themed sh ...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Is the NHS doing enough to combat hospital acquired infections Essay

Is the NHS doing enough to combat hospital acquired infections - Essay Example The first is transmission from pathogens that may be found on the surface of the hands of the health personnel. Secondly, the infections can also be transmitted through dirty air purification systems, contaminated water, unhygienic staff as well as improper physical layout of the hospital leading to congestion. The level of sickness of a patient and the length of time that he stays in hospital can also facilitate the transmission of pathogens (Davey P.  2005 pp. 33-37). Clostridium difficile is the most common hospital acquired infection that causes diarrhea. It occurs as a result of toxins produced by the bacteria which cause damage to the bowel thereby causing diarrhea. It is usually spread through contamination of surfaces with the bacteria from the stool of an infected person. Prevention can be achieved through cleanliness in the hospital surfaces and most importantly, washing of hands after visiting the toilet facilities. Staphylococcus aureus is also common bacteria which are found on the skin surface as well as inside the nose of even people who are healthy. The infections on the skin are normally minor with symptoms of boils.  In more complicated situations, the bacteria may result in fever, ache and serious infections. This usually occurs amongst people who have a frail immunity. As in C. difficile prevention of its spread includes promotion of hand hygiene. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Enterococci are bacteria that are usually found in the bowels of human beings as well as the skin. The infections may crop up anyplace within in the body, such as in the intestines and the urinary tract. These infections are usually difficult to treat. Control measures include tracking incidences and reporting on regular basis (Wenzel R, 2001 pp. 22-26). Clostridium difficile and MRSA are the most common hospital transmitted infections in the United Kingdom. The two kinds of infections are usually caused by improper hygienic practices amongst the patients and

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Clear and Simple as the Truth in Dressing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Clear and Simple as the Truth in Dressing - Essay Example Meaning (p.59) that writing is thinking about the paper and thought is writing on the mind.   Before the ideology of the war tragedy come to be on the paper, it must be concrete in the writer’s mind, thus the time comes when the stylistic ability of the writer brings the war tragedy already written the mind to be as concrete as it should be. In what seems practical, thought proceeds speech, meaning that writing is not thinking, but rather the reverse is true. Keagan's war tragedy is written as a stylistic output of the written story in the mind of the writer that it becomes more concrete and tangible. Truly, a classic writer presents the concrete diamond and its aesthetic beauty as if both are visible, clear, and exact. Before the ideology of the war tragedy come to be on the paper, it must be concrete in the writer’s mind, thus the time comes when the stylistic ability of the writer brings the war tragedy already written the mind to be as concrete as it should be.

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Development of Aging Tourists Market in China Dissertation

Development of Aging Tourists Market in China - Dissertation Example Studies conducted by The World Health Organization revealed that ageing population includes the people who are 60 years of more of age. Although this population is more prone to opt for tourism opportunities, however, tourism management authorities have not been encouraging this because of the various costs that are involved with this from which the major ones include cost of security, medical and time. Tourism management refers to the management of all the activities that are related to tourism and this also includes those activities that are related to tourism. Furthermore, they also have to implement strategies that promote tourism and provide easy access to people for the purpose of tourism. Tourism Consumption System The authors, Dubelaar and Woodsie (2002) have defined the tourism consumption system (TCS) as the set of related travel thoughts, decisions, and behaviors by a discretionary traveler prior to, during, and following a trip. The central proposition that the authors have given by this theory is that the thoughts, decisions, and behaviors with regards to an activity have a major impact on the thoughts, decisions, and behaviors for the other activities. Further in the article, the authors have used exit interview travel data and quick clustering analysis for the purpose of examining the seven main propositions of tourism consumption system on the basis of which the tourists take decisions. It has also been said by the authors that this approach is very beneficial for the marketers and practitioners with regards to tourism and this would greatly help them in increasing the effectiveness of the tourism marketing strategies. Tourism Behavior The set of responses that the people develop with regards to tourism develop tourism behavior and this determines their likeliness and their interest. There are some elders who opt for places which are more lively and colorful while there are some people in the ageing population who prefer going to places which are calm and serene. Sustainable Tourism According to Dubelaar and Woodsie (2002), tourism involves a certain cost which can be monetary as well as time and energy of the tourists. Since the ageing popula

Friday, November 15, 2019

Cognizable And Non Cognizable Offences Law Essay

Cognizable And Non Cognizable Offences Law Essay Cognizable offences have been defined under Section 2 (c) of the Criminal Procedure Code as follows; cognizable offence means an offence for which, and cognizable case means a case in which, a police officer may, in accordance with the First Schedule or under any other law for the time being in force, arrest without warrant. A non-cognizable offence has been defined under Section 2 (l) of the Criminal Procedure Code as follows, non-cognizable offence means an offence for which, and non-cognizable case means a case in which, a police officer has no authority to arrest without warrant. Now which offence falls under the category of cognizable offences and which falls under the category of non-cognizable offences can be determined as per the classification given in the First Schedule of the Criminal Procedure Code. The First Schedule has classified all acts punishable under the Indian Penal Code, 1860 into Cognizable and non-cognizable offences. Although the Code in itself does not give any reasoning as to this classification, certain patterns can be traced if the First schedule is studied carefully. All offences which have a punishment of more than 3 years under the Indian Penal Code are considered to be cognizable offences and all offences which have a punishment of less than 3 years are non-cognizable offences. Subsequently, it can be deduced that non-cognizable offences are relatively less serious in nature than cognizable offences. Consequently, in case of cognizable offences, the police officers can arrest the accused person without any warrant or authority issued by a magistrate. They can initiate investigation on their own accord and they neednt wait for the prior permission of a magistrate. In fact, they have a legal duty to initiate investigations. This duty has been endowed upon them by Section 156(1) of the Criminal Procedure code which reads; Any officer in charge of a police station may, without the order of a Magistrate, investigate any cognizable case which a Court having jurisdiction over the local area within the limits of such station would have power to inquire into or try under the provisions of Chapter XIII. Section 156 (2) further reads, No proceeding of a police officer in any such case shall at any stage be called in question on the ground that the case was one which such officer was not empowered under this section to investigate. On the other hand, police officers necessarily need prior permission of a magistrate to initiate investigations in cases of non-cognizable offences. Non cognizable offences are considered more in the nature of private wrongs and therefore the collection of evidence and the prosecution of offender are left to the initiative and efforts of private citizens. Bailable and Non-bailable offences Section 2 (a) of the Criminal Procedure Code defines bailable and non-bailable offences as an offence which is shown as bailable in the First Schedule, or which is made bailable by any other law for the time being in force; and non-bailable offence means any other offence In here too, the code does not give any reason as to on what criteria has such classification been based upon. It just lays down a seemingly arbitrary classification of the same. However, it can be logically deduced that all serious offences are non-bailable whereas all less serious offences are bailable. Similarly, all offences which have a punishment of more than 3 years under the Indian Penal Code are considered to be non-bailable offences and all offences which have a punishment of less than 3 years are bailable offences. This too is subject to the exception of existence of a contrary law. If a person accused of a bailable offence is arrested or detained without warrant he has a right to be released on bail. In case he is accused of a non-bailable offence, then his bail is subject to the discretion by the authorities. Warrant case and Summons Case According to Section 2 (x) of the Criminal Procedure Code, a warrant-case means a case relating to an offence punishable with death, imprisonment for life or imprisonment for a term exceeding two years. According to Section 2 (w) of the Criminal Procedure Code, a summons case means a case relating to an offence, not being a warrant case. This classification helps to determine the type of trial procedure to be adopted in the case. Naturally, the trial procedure in case of a warrant case is much more elaborate than that of a summons case. This classification is also useful at the stage of issuing process to the accused person in the first instance. CHAPTER II NEED FOR RECLASSIFICATION OF OFFENCES The current classification of offences has been a major cause for the high incidence of arbitrary and unnecessary arrest in our country. The scheme of classification is outdated and redundant. There is a serious need for revaluation for the classification between cognizable and non-cognizable and bailable and non-bailable offences. The nature and quantum of punishment attached to these offences also needs to be revaluated. It is not that the idea for reclassification has never come up before, but given the present situation of our judicial system, it becomes all the more relevant that it be done now. For instance, many minor offences against property are still classified as non-bailable, whereas it is evident that classifying them as compoundable offences and relying on methods such as plea-bargaining may be more effective and agreeable to address the injury caused by the same  [1]  . Also, it has been noted that the major portion of the backlog cases in the courts consists of regulatory offences such as dishonour of cheques, traffic violations, etc. Now, these acts were made offences under special laws whereby the legislature had felt that in lieu of public policy, these acts were better off classified as criminal even though they are more akin to civil wrongs. However, the fact that they will create a maximum backlog was envisaged by neither party. Hence, there is a need for an informed study and revaluation of criminal laws. It has been suggested that the offences be classified into a) The Social Welfare Code, b) The Correctional Code, c) The Criminal code and d) the Economic and other offences code. This approach of classifying the offences as per their nature is considered to be far more useful than a blanket categorization of offences. This re-classification is proposed to be done on the basis of the gravity of the offences, appropriate procedures for investigation and dispute-resolution as well as the proportionate nature and quantum of fines and punishments. CHAPTER III RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE MALIMATH COMMITTEE Considering the need for reclassification of offences, the Malimath committee gave the following recommendations for the same. Its primary recommendation was to remove the distinction between cognizable and non-cognizable offences and make it obligatory on the Police to investigate all offences in respect of which a complaint is made. However, this is not a very practical option as it will lead to a further backlog of cases and will increase the burden on the police. Section 262 of the Criminal Procedure Code provides for the procedure for summary trials, Section 263 provides for the record in summary trials and Section 264 provides for judgement in cases tried summarily. The Malimath committee recommended increasing the number of cases falling within the category of cases trialable by following the summary procedure presented by Sections 262 to 264. It also recommended increasing the number of offences that fall under the category of Petty Offences which can be dealt with by following the procedure prescribed by Section 206 of the Code. Section 206 reads If, in the opinion of a Magistrate taking cognizance of a petty offence, the case may be summarily disposed of under section 260, the Magistrate shall, except where he is, for reasons to be recorded in writing of a contrary opinion, issue summons to the accused requiring him either to appear in person or by pleader before the Magistrate on a specified date, or if he desires to plead guilty to the charge without appearing before the Magistrate, to transmit before the specified date, by post or by messenger to the Magistrate, the said plea in writing and the amount of fine specified in the summons or if he desires to appear by pleader and to plead guilty to the charge through such pleader, to authorise, in writing, the pleader to plead guilty to the charge on his behalf and to pay the fine through such pleader: Provided that the amount of the fine specified in such summons shall not exceed one hundred rupees. (2)   For the purposes of this section, petty offence means any offence punishable only with fine not exceeding one thousand rupees, but does not include any offence so punishable under the Motor Vehicles Act, 1939, (4 of 1939) or under any other law which provides for convicting the accused person in his absence on a plea of guilty. It advocated increasing the number of offences, for which an arrest neednt be made and increasing the number of offences where arrest can be made only with the order of the court and reducing the number of cases where arrest can be made without an order or warrant form the Magistrate. The Malimath committee further recommended increasing the number of offences which are bailable and reducing the number of offences which are not bailable. A compoundable offence is one in which the trial court can compound the offence and dispose the case without trial. A non-compoundable offence is an offence in which the court cannot compound the case without trial. A compoundable offence is always a lesser degree offence punishable with a shorter jail term or fine. The Malimath Committee recommended increasing the number of offences that can be brought within the category of compoundable offences, to encourage settlements without trials. CONCLUSION

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Sociology and Material Culture

Haley Schweitzer Sociology 1010 Term Paper Sociology and Oops My Mistake Sociology is defined as, the study of people doing things together or more specifically, â€Å"the systematic study of the development, structure, interaction, and collective behavior of organized groups of human beings† (Merriam Webster Dictionary). This paper will examine the discourse of structure in sociology, the sociology of culture, and the deviance and sanctions in sociology. After discussing these topics, I will illustrate my act of norm breaking and how it ties in with these three areas of sociology.The structure of sociology can be identified as, the relationship of definite entities or groups to each other, enduring patterns of behavior by participants in a social system in relation to each other, and institutionalized norms or cognitive frameworks that structure the actions of actors in the social system. Basically saying within the structure are groups, statuses, roles, and institutions. In sociology, a group refers to two or more people who interact on a basis of shared qualities and experiences. A status refers to a specific position within a group, for example, a manager, employee, or a grandma.Within statuses there are two subgroups, ascribed status and achieved status. An ascribed status is one that is unalterable, such as a grandma. An achieved status is one that is obtainable, such as a manager. A role is an expected behavior within a status. For example, while an employee states the position of that role, the employee’s guidelines determine what behavior is appropriate for his/her role. This is the same concept for a status and a role. An institution is complex social structures that meet basic human needs.There are five main institutions: family, economy, education, politics, and religion. The sociology of culture consists of the beliefs, behaviors, objects, and other characteristics common to the members of a particular group or society. Through cultur e, people and groups define themselves, conform to society's shared values, and contribute to society. Thus, culture is constructed from three components which are norms, values, and material culture. Norms are â€Å"rules† within a culture that specify how people should conduct themselves every day.  Read also  Sociology and Social Integration.For example, one norm that may vary among different cultures is oculesics (eye behavior). Americans, for instance, maintain fairly direct eye contact when conversing with others. Asians, on the other hand, may avert their eyes as a sign of politeness and respect. A culture's values are its ideas about what is good, right, fair, and just. For example, a European that came to where I work said there was a saying in his country that Europeans worked to live, while Americans lived to work. So the values are different in America than they are in Europe.Material culture refers to the physical objects, resources, and spaces that people us e to define their culture. These include homes, neighborhoods, schools, churches and so forth. All of these physical aspects of a culture help to define its members' behaviors and perceptions. For example, technology is a vital aspect of material culture in the United States today. American students must learn to use computers to survive in college and business, in contrast to young adults in the Yanomamo society in the Amazon who must learn to build weapons and hunt to survive.Deviance is any behavior that violates social norms, and is usually of sufficient severity to warrant disapproval from the majority of society. Deviance can be criminal or non-criminal. Today, Americans consider such activities as alcoholism, excessive gambling, being nude in public places, stealing, lying, refusing to bathe—to name only a few—as deviant. Sanctions are socially constructed expressions of approval or disapproval. Sanctions can be positive or negative. A positive sanction rewards someone for following a norm and serves to encourage the continuance of a certain type of behavior.For instance, when parents reward a child with money for earning good grades, they are positively sanctioning that child’s behavior. A negative sanction is a way of communicating that a society, or some group in that society, does not approve of a particular behavior. For instance, imprisoning a criminal for breaking the law, and taking away a teenager’s television privileges for breaking curfew are all negative sanctions. The arena I chose for my norm breaking was my downstairs TV room with group of friends some of which I wasn’t well acquainted with. The statuses consisted of many friends with a few friends of friends.The roles to be played in the group were well mannered and somewhat proper of being at someone’s house that you don’t know very well. The expected roles of my close friends and I were to behave politely and welcoming. Most of my friend s are well behaved but also a lot of fun to be around. I have a very diverse group of friends with all different kinds of beliefs. Now since new people I hadn’t met before were coming along I made the room all nice, clean and well organized. I didn’t want people to come and see my house for the first time and not want to come back.I bought some different snacks and drinks for everyone to enjoy during the movie and hopefully make them feel more comfortable and at home. We all gathered on a typical Friday night to watch a movie at my house. One of my closer friends hasn’t had much experience with girls but recently I was able to hook him up with a kind of friend of mine so I invited them along to join us. When he and his girlfriend got to the house me and her started some small talk and she said he was lacking in the first kiss department. I told her he was probably just nervous but that I would get to the bottom of it.I thought about it since I had yet to do the whole norm breaking thing and decided this would be the easiest and most comfortable thing I would be able to do. I mean I had my close friends there but I also had some strangers that were most likely still trying to figure all the new people out. When the movie started I sat near the couple and observed both of their movements to decide whether or not to do it. The movie ended, I got up and turned the lights on and just as I predicted there she was sending millions of hints his way that he had to be seeing the whole time but still nothing.Well it was now or never I walked right up to her grabbed her face a planted one on her, I looked at her face bright red and utterly confused then looked at Blake and said, â€Å"Oh she was hinting at you†¦ sorry, my mistake,† and I walked out of the awkward, silent room for a minute to get myself together. I walked back to a rather confused room with very weird looks from everyone. There was silence for a couple of minutes then I exp lained to all of them why I did what I did. This resulted in a lot of laughter and uncontrollable crying. But still some judging looks.My negative sanctions were the strange looks from all the new people I had just met as well as the very embarrassed and angry look from Blake. Also that the new people that had come that had come that night would not return and when I would see them around town I was avoided and looked at as a â€Å"freak. † In conclusion, I was able to examine the sanctions of deviant behavior from a personal standpoint and the effects it may have when people decide to break norms in a situation after learning the structure of sociology as well as the rules of deviance and sanctions.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Analysis on death of the moth by Virginia Woolf Essay

The passage â€Å"The Death of the Moth† has been excerpted from Virginia Woolf’s (1882-1941) collection of essays and published one year after her death. Throughout this particular passage, she symbolizes a moth and its insignificance yet contribution to nature, along with her views on life and death. She skillfully elaborates about this moth, providing information that reveals it is much more noteworthy than it is treated. She begins her writing with a general idea of moths, and although the sentence â€Å"they are hybrid creatures, neither gay like butterflies nor somber like their own† is written in a factual manner, it is actually not a fact; it is her method of expressing that moths are unique individuals, not completely like butterflies and not completely like their own kind. Virginia’s purpose of displaying it in this factually manner is to verify the strength of her belief in this phrase. The moth was trapped and put so much effort into retrieving its freedom that she felt a slight sense of pity for the trapped moth. Nevertheless, she still watches it without reacting to aid it. As she watches it, she realizes the moth has not given up yet, as if it has plenty to strive for. Woolf describes the moth as â€Å"pathetic†, since it was battling against the inevitable and was in pain because of the profound effort that seemed unworthy in her eyes. We see that with numeral examples from this essay, Virginia carefully chooses her style of writing and literary devices to make her writing effective, detailed, and emotionally expressive. It is difficult to understand what exactly motivates her to write like this, and how exactly it reflects her reason for suicide, but there are still many interpretations. She did, however, persistently mention her fascination by the creature, as it had so much determination to live, thrusting its body uneasily, attempting to save itself. The moth seemed to have a dignity that it was holding on to, as it fought vigorously to live. Personally, I think this is the reason people find her motive to voluntarily give up her own life to be extremely ambiguous. The message Woolf is trying to convey to the reader is that one must give in to death, as it is part of the life cycle. One needs to give in to the inevitable, as all beings will die and it is only a matter of time. Even though this particular moth used to be pathetic in her perspective, Virginia now watched it as if it were a renowned masterpiece. The moth had transformed into becoming a truly magnificent creature in her eyes; thus her use of paradox is meant to keep us thinking and wondering. For sixty years now, students and professors of the English language have been studying her rhetorical modes, in hopes of bringing out the true meaning behind her literature.

Friday, November 8, 2019

World Bank and IMF

World Bank and IMF Introduction Often times, the world has suffered terrible financial crises. The most severe being the 2007-2008 global financial crisis. Every time, a financial crisis has struck, economic policy makers meet in a conference like they did in 1944 in Bretton Woods conference (Hellener, 2010, p. 1).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on World Bank and IMF specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the crisis has been recurrent regardless of the many policies that have been formulated. The failure of the policies in implementation has more often been blamed on policy mistakes made by developing world where the crisis emerges from (Hellener, 2010, p. 10). Out of this, the solution in 1980s was perceived could originate from loaning the developing countries. International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank were given the role of protecting global market from sovereign defaults and promote the adjustment programs in developing cou ntries (Hellener, 2010, p. 9). This paper will seek to evaluate the effects of IMF and World Bank in the developing countries. IMF and World Bank effects on Developed and Developing Countries Both IMF and World Bank definitions of developed and developing counties are based on either high or low capital incomes which in turn depict the degree of interaction into the global financial system. Their definitions have created an aspect of losers and winners (Esty, 2002, p. 2) where the developed countries are the winners, and the developing countries are the losers. The developing world has been placed in a losing position; most often than not, they are in need of support as they do not meet the set standards of the definition. It has always been an unfair judgment as the benefits of global trade may not be fairly distributed because not in all countries people are able to access free trade and fair economic growth (Esty, 2002, p. 3). Therefore, the developing countries are the ones who have been utilizing the policy set in Bretton Woods conference of borrowing, and thereby, giving IMF and World Bank a great chance of influence as policy enforcers. The influence of IMF and World Bank has greatly â€Å"contributed to the strengthening of the macroeconomic framework of member countries, reducing the public sector deficits and public debt accumulation, improving monetary control and reducing the distortions and dislocation of resources brought about by high rates of inflation† (Buira, 2003, p. 1).Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This has set the developing countries at a vulnerable position where they are the ones always borrowing money from the developed countries in order to pull up their economies. The capital flow ceases to be from the developed to the developing as the developing repays the loan. Most countries, for instance, have tri ed to use the â€Å"theory of the second best† but have been greatly opposed by IMF. The theory works when a country in a crisis through government intervention improves its welfare by the introduction of another country that is performing better economically (Buira, 2003, p. 1). This move was criticized by IMF even after Asia blaming the crisis on the speculative global financial flows (Hellener, 2010, p. 10). With such a kind of interference, Asia was not in a position to fill up the economic gap that was there hence the reason for its continued deterioration in the economy. The idea of â€Å"market mechanism† developed in both IMF and World Bank operations have posed a very bad inequality problem for the countries that participate in the global financial markets. This is because, for a country to be considered as developed or developing there are factors like locality, population, and available resources that need to be considered. For example, it will be unfair to judge a country that does not participate in international trade for lack of resources to a country that has oil, gold and other minerals, which facilitate the same. There is, therefore, a global inequality as 20% of the world population takes 80% of the global resources while the rest is shared the remaining 20% of the world population. No wonder the gap between the 80% of the population that lacks even the basic amenities gets (Danaher, 2001, p. 25). However, time has revealed the hidden tricks played on developing countries. For example, in 2007-2008 during global financial crisis, China by market capitalization remained the only one that had the three largest banks. This exposed the U.S., having been one of the countries considered to be developed dependent on foreign support from China and elsewhere (Hellener, 2010, p. 11). This makes it illegitimate to consider US and Britain as having more economic power than China. There is a call to policy makers and financial analysts to q uestion the stability of the developed countries without the support of the developing countries. The cited example proved that financial flow is from the under developed to the developed world which leaves the developing world with more needs than the developed world yet they contribute a lot to the global economy.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on World Bank and IMF specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The policies of IMF and World Bank to rely on market solutions and international trade have been challenged with time. A country’s economic power cannot be categorized by what the market produces as the market only achieves certain goals. This has caused its fault in evaluating the market failures that cause limited resource circulation in the developing countries (Buira, 2003, p. 3). For example, in a continent like Africa with a stable local economy had not suffered a financial crisis before the global trade came in. Everything was traded locally and there was no lack. One did not need to have money as the mode of trade was barter trade. Global trade has brought everything to tumble as the currency stability cannot be predicted. The U.S. dollar being the standard global currency keeps on fluctuating in value hence affecting the countries whose currencies are weaker than the dollar. This causes a great inequality where the market favors those with money as they make more money from the people who do not have. To sum up, the poor get poorer and the rich get richer, finally making it difficult for the gap to be bridged (Danaher, 2001, p. 32). World Bank and the IMF are the most powerful enforcers of growth and a system of measurement that hides the social and environmental cost of market-led growth. Any eminent change from them will flow down to every other person and foster economic progress (Danaher, 2001, p. 32). To regain their position to the public that has lost trust in them as economic leaders, they will be needed to start by correcting the mistakes they have done in setting unrealistic policies, which at the end get challenged every time there is a crisis. They also need to get back to the public where they, together with the public, will look for solutions that will operate at all times without subjecting any given country to any more financial risk. Conclusion From the discussion, it is evident that IMF and World Bank have contributed greatly to the widening of the gap between the developed and the developing counties. This comes about from their definition of the two, creating a superiority factor whereby, and countries with highest global finance interaction are being considered as developed.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The consideration has created financial inequality where the developed countries, which have the least population, enjoy the biggest share of the global economy while the rest remains to share the remainder. The results of this are that the rich countries continue becoming richer, and the poor countries get poorer. However, this has been challenged as it was analyzed in 2007-2008 that the developed countries actually depend on the developing counties. There is, therefore, a need for the World Bank and IMF to revise their policies and get back to re-establishing the developing countries’ economy. They should device a way where the resources in the developing countries will remain with them to help them further in development. References Buira, A 2003, Challenges to the World Bank and IMF: developing country perspective, Wimbledon Publishing Company, London. Danaher, K 2001, 10 Reasons to Abolish The IMF and World Bank, Seven Stories Press, Washington, D. C. Esty, D 2002, †˜The World Trade Organization’s legitimacy crisis’, World Trade Review, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 7–22. Hellener, E 2010, ‘A Bretton Woods Moment? The 2007-2008 crisis and the future of global finance’, International Affairs, vol. 86, no. 3, pp. 619–636.

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Irony in The Most Dangerous Game

Irony in The Most Dangerous Game Free Online Research Papers â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game† is a suspenseful, ironic, action-thriller. I thought the author successfully created an attention-grabbing plot. The story included some very interesting characters, though there were few; General Zaroff, the owner of the mysterious Ship-Trap Island and the hunter in the Game; Ivan, the enormous, brutish Cossack, Zaroff’s servant; and Rainsford, the hunter turned hunted and main character of the story. Three of the many ironies in this book include: 1) the fact that Rainsford, being a hunter, became the hunted; 2) Rainsford didn’t care about the prey he hunted and how they felt, but in the end, he realized how an animal at bay felt; and 3) the setting, Ship-Trap Island, is used by the general as a means of trapping ships. It is apparent in the very beginning of the story that Rainsford is a hunter that believes hunting is â€Å"the best sport in the world†. He claims that â€Å"The world is made up of two classesthe hunters and the huntees. Luckily, you and I are hunters.† He says this in the exposition of the story. After this statement, he proceeds to fall off the yacht and swim to assumed safety aboard Ship-Trap Island where he meets General Zaroff. Here, Zaroff provides Rainsford with room and board and treats him with the utmost respect. Slowly, Zaroff reveals his true nature and tells Rainsford of his activities on the dreaded island. He informs Rainsford that he hunts humans for sport and Rainsford is his next target. The hunter became the hunted. The second example of irony goes hand-in-hand with the first. In the very beginning of the story, Rainsford believes that no one should care about how prey feels and that they have no understanding of what’s going on. His partner, Whitney, believes that prey only understands one thing, fear. Rainsford merely laughs at this proposition until he is hunted by Zaroff. After three long days of being chased all across the small Ship-Trap Island, Rainsford finally understands. He realizes how prey feels and what drives them, fear, as Whitney said. Rainsford now knew the terror a beast at bay feels. The third example of irony is quite interesting, in my opinion. The setting of the story is on a small, remote Caribbean Island deemed Ship-Trap Island. No one really knows why the island has such a name, for no one has ever left the island alive to tell the tale. What is intriguing is that not only is the island known for trapping ships, the General actually uses the island itself to capture the ships. The island is shaped in such a way that there appears to be a channel that travels through it. The General built a lighthouse that shines upon this apparent channel where there are actually jagged rocks that could tear any ship apart. It is his way of attracting new targets for him to hunt. If you ask me, it’s really quite genius. As one can plainly see, â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game† is a story filled with many subtle examples of irony. Only three are explained in this essay, but there are many located throughout the story. The story is quite thrilling in that it is a hunt. Any hunt is suspenseful, for the hunter, the hunted, and even the uninvolved bystander (in this case the reader). It is an excellent short story. Research Papers on Irony in The Most Dangerous Game19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayTrailblazing by Eric AndersonThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsThe Hockey GameMind TravelBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XWhere Wild and West MeetEffects of Television Violence on Children

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Right to Die - Financial Objections Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Right to Die - Financial Objections - Essay Example And each new day makes it less and less likely. Her eyes are closed, but its not just that. Her face seems dead. She just has the same look all the time, like she was when she first collapsed. Its sort of a smile, but I think its a grimace. But it never responds, never changes. Its like looking at a corpse thats just barely breathing. Then the money problems make it so much harder. I wouldnt want my Mom to die because its hard to pay for her, but it just is. Her money is starting to run out. The ventilator, the doctor visits, the nurse checkups... they cost, and insurance doesnt cover it all. Im working two jobs to cover it. One of my jobs has insurance, but one pays just about minimum wage. I work the graveyard shift. I cant even be there to hold her hand because it costs so much money. American Hospice Foundation. â€Å"Coma and Persistent Vegetative State: An Exploration of Terms†. Cheryl Arenella, MD/MPH. http://www.americanhospice.org/articles-mainmenu-8/caregiving- mainmenu-10/50-coma-and-persistent-vegetative-state-an-exploration-of-terms . Web. Accessed

Friday, November 1, 2019

IT - System Testing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

IT - System Testing - Research Paper Example 1. Functional Testing System functional tests overlap with acceptance tests such that the same tests can apply for both categories. They are both a demonstration of the systems functionality. They are performed to ensure that the behavior of the system is consistent with the requirement specifications set out earlier in software development. All the functional requirements that are set out for the system must be achieved by the system (Burnstein, 2003). A good example is where a financial system is required to allow customers to set up accounts, add, modify, and delete entries into the account, and make printouts. The functional test must ensure that the system can perform these tasks effectively. The functional tests are black box in nature such that the focus is on the inputs and proper outputs for each of the functions that are identified earlier in the requirements. It also takes into consideration improper and illegal inputs which must be tested on the system and their results o bserved to be consistent with the required functions (Myers, Sandler, & Badgett, 2011). ... 2. Performance Testing There are two types of requirements for systems: the functional requirement that describes the functions that the software should perform and the quality requirements that describe the quality level expected for the software such as memory use, response time delays etc. The aim of performance tests is to find out if the software meets the performance requirements (Burnstein, 2003). These tests also tell the testers if there are any other hardware factors that might impact on the system’s performance. It allows for testers to tune the system i.e. optimize the allocation of system resources and to predict future performance levels for the system and this is especially important in planning for subsequent releases (Craig & Jaskiel, 2002). It is important that performance objectives be clearly articulated by the user in the requirements document and also in the system test plan. These objectives must be quantifiable. At the end of the testing the tester will know for example, the CPU cycles used, the actual response time in seconds etc. These are then evaluated with reference to the requirement objectives (Myers, Sandler, & Badgett, 2011). Resources for performance testing must be allocated in the system test plan. The resources include the following: a source of transactions to drive the experiments, that is, a load generator; an experimental testbed that includes hardware and software the system-under-test interacts with and these include special laboratory equipment and space that must be reserved for the tests; instrumentation or probes that help to collect the performance data. The probes may be hardware or software in nature; and a set of tools to collect store, process, collect and interpret data (Gomaa, 2011). 3.

Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Vitamin K Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Vitamin K - Essay Example Later, after several weeks, Dam found severe bleeding among the chickens, thus discovered the need for the coagulation vitamin. At present, vitamin K is introduced to newly born babies hours upon birth in order to prevent bleeding in the brain. Babies are said to have very low levels of vitamin K in their body after they are born (Croucher & Azzopardi, 1994). Breastfed infants are more prone to the deficiency because infant formulas have high levels of vitamin K compared to breast milk. Croucher and Azzopardi (1994) mention that due to low levels of coagulation vitamin in their body, late haemorrhagic diseases have been discovered in breast fed infants who received a single oral dose of vitamin K. As such, repeated dosage is recommended for breastfed babies as a standard practice in many countries such as the U.K. and the U.S. Golding, Greenwood, Birmingham and Mott (1992) report a decreased risk of cancer among infants whose mothers were given vitamin K during labor. However, there is a tendency for the presence of intramuscular vitamin K compared with babies who were given oral vitamin K and those who did not receive vitamin K at all.

Monday, October 28, 2019

Ethical Principals for Protecting Research Participants Essay Example for Free

Ethical Principals for Protecting Research Participants Essay Participating in a research study is an opportunity for people to contribute to the advancement of healthcare practice or other measures. Researchers typically collect data from a population of people that share common characteristics that make them appropriate subjects for the area being studied. In order to assure that participants are adequately protected, a set of ethical principles should be adhered to by all research facilitators. â€Å"The Belmont Report articulates three primary ethical principles on which standards of ethical conduct in research are based: beneficence, respect for human dignity, and justice† (Beck Polit, 2006). The principle of beneficence serves to minimize harm to participants, maximize the benefits of the study, and protect the participant from any form of exploitation. â€Å"In research with humans, harm and discomfort can take many forms: they can be physical, emotional, social, or financial† (Beck Polit, 2006). Facilitators of any research study must be conscious of this and use strategies to alleviate potential of such harm. Ethical researchers must be prepared to terminate their study if any evidence of distress on the participants is discovered. Another duty that researchers face is to protect participants from exploitation. â€Å"Involvement in a study should not place participants at a disadvantage or expose them to situations that they have not been prepared† (Beck Polit, 2006). In summary, participants must feel secure that the information they provide will not be used against them in any fashion. The second ethical principle addressed by The Belmont Report is the respect for human dignity. Study participants have the right to self-determination, or the capability to control their own activities. This right encompasses the ability to ask questions, refuse to provide information, or even withdraw from a study without consequences. The entitlement of self-determination also includes the freedom from being coerced into participating in a study, such as an economically disadvantaged person being offered a large stipend to participate. This may be seen as placing this individual under undue pressure to participate in the study. The principle of the respect for human dignity also includes the right to full disclosure. This allows a person to make informed, voluntary decisions regarding the study they are participating in. â€Å"Full disclosure means that the researcher has fully described the nature of the study, the person’s right to refuse participation, the researcher’s responsibilities, and the likely risks and benefits that would be incurred† (Beck Polit, 2006). The last ethical principle delivered in The Belmont Report pertains to justice. This principle ensures participants’ rights to fair treatment and the right to privacy. Justice promotes duties to neither neglect nor discriminate against individuals. â€Å"The principle of justice imposes particular obligations toward individuals who are unable to protect their own interests to ensure they are not exploited for the advancement of knowledge† (Beck Polit, 2006). Researchers must also acknowledge the participants’ right to privacy. They must ensure that their research is minimally intrusive and the participants’ privacy is respected throughout the study. People that partake in a study should expect that any information they provide will be kept in strict confidence. There are designated procedures in place to ensure participants’ satisfaction of a study upon completion. One such task is the risk/benefit assessment. â€Å"Such an assessment is designed to determine whether the benefits of participating in a study are in line with the costs, be they financial, physical, emotional, or social† (Beck Polit, 2006). Researchers can also offer a debriefing session after data collection is complete. This allows participants to ask questions or air complaints pertaining to the study. Researchers can demonstrate their interest in study participants by offering to share findings with them once the data has been analyzed. Lastly, facilitators should refer participants to appropriate health or psychological services as deemed necessary. Bibliography Beck, C. and Polit, D. (2006.) Essentials of Nursing Research: Methods, Appraisal, and Utilization. (6th ed.) Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins.

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Plains Indians Essay -- essays research papers

For many tribes of Plains Indians whose bison-hunting culture flourished during the 18th and 19th centuries, the sun dance was the major communal religious ceremony . . . the rite celebrates renewal - the spiritual rebirth of participants and their relatives as well as the regeneration of the living earth with all its components . . . The ritual, involving sacrifice and supplication to insure harmony between all living beings, continues to be practiced by many contemporary native Americans. -Elizabeth Atwood LawrenceAs the most important ritual of the nomadic Plains Indians, the Sun Dance in itself presents many ideas, beliefs, and values of these cultures. Through its rich symbolism and complicated rituals we are able to catch a glimpse into these peoples' view of the world. A Sun Dance is held when a man feels the need to be a dancer to fulfill certain wishes, primarily "for his deliverance from his troubles, for supernatural aid, and for beneficent blessings upon all of his p eople." (Welker) It is this dancer who usually bears the expenses of the Sun Dance (Atwood), including a feast for all that comes to the celebration. (Welker) Motivations behind the Sun Dance varies slightly between tribes. The Crow held the ceremony to seek aid for revenge for family members killed in warfare. The entire event surrounding the Sun Dance generally lasts from four to seven days, though longer events exist. On the first day a tree is selected to serve as the sun-pole, the center pole for the Sun Dance Lodge, or New-Life-Lodge, as called by the Cheyenne. (Atwood) The selection of the tree is usually done by the eldest woman of the camp, who leads a group of elaborately dressed maidens to the tree to strip off its branches. On the next morning, right as the sun is seen over the eastern horizon, armed warriors charge the sun-pole. They attack the tree in effort to symbolically kill it with gunshots and arrows. Once it is dead it is cut down and taken to where the Sun Dance Lodge will be erected. (Schwatka) "Before raising the sun-pole, a fresh buffalo head with a broad centre strip of the back of the hide and tail (is) fastened with strong throngs to the top crotch of the sun-pole. Then the pole (is) raised and set firmly in the ground, with the buffalo head facing ! toward the setting-sun." (Welker) The tree represents the center of the world, connect... ...mbolism and ritual involved with the Sun Dance we can more fully understand the character of the Plains Indian cultures. The Sun Dance shows a continuity between life. It shows that there is no true end to life, but a cycle of symbolic and true deaths and rebirths. All of nature is intertwined and dependent on one another. This gives an equal ground to everything on the earth. "Powerful animals exhibit both physical and spiritual powers, just as the medicine man and shaman do, and as do the grains of tobacco in the sacred pipe." (Smart p. 527) However, just like the rest of nature, humans must give of themselves to help keep the cycles of regeneration going. SourcesAtwood-Lawrence, Elizabeth. The Symbolic Role of Animals in the Plains Indian Sun Dance. http://www.envirolink.org/arrs/psyeta/sa/sa1.1/lawrence.html (Feb 3, 1997) Eliade, M. (1975). Myths, Dreams, and Mysteries. New York: Harper and RowKehoe, Alice B. (1992). North American Indians A Comprehensive Account. New Jersey: Prentice-HallSchwatka, Frederick. (1889-1890). The Sun-Dance of the Sioux. Century Magazine. Pp. 753-759.Welker, Glenn. The Sun Dance http://www.indians.org/welker/sundance.htm (Jan 7, 1996)