Basseri of Iran Past and Present free essay sample

Basseri of Iran: Past and Present Jonathan Hixon ANT101 Instructor Brown-Warren February 24, 2013 When the Achamenian emperors of ancient Persia built their capital at Persepolis, in a valley of the Zagros, they did so with strategy in mind. Persepolis was placed in a common â€Å"bottleneck† in the annual migration routes of several tribes from the warm coastal plains to the cool summer pastures in the north. Twice a year, several whole confederations of tribes had to pass by Persepolis with all of their wealth in sheep, goats, and horses, and he who ruled Persepolis ruled what then was Persia. One of the tribes that still use this route today is the Basseri of Iran. (Coon, 1962) The Basseri of Iran was a nomadic pastoralist society from the beginning of their existence. The Basseri are located in southwest Iran and were housed in tents. Each tent housed a nuclear family and many tents made up a camp for the Basseri. An independent household occupied every tent in a camp. The tents were arranged in groups of smaller groups that usually would put all of their flocks of animals into one unit that was taken care of by one shepherd. A shepherd was usually a younger boy or girl from different tents that took care of the smaller camp’s flocks. Some families would hire a shepherd from other tents if they did not have the means to provide a qualified shepherd of their own. Nomadic pastoralists had no permanent settlements; instead, complete households shift location with the herd. House structures were highly moveable, such as a tent or yurt, a portable, felt-covered, wood lattice-framed dwelling structure used in the steppes of Central Asia among Kazakh and Kirghiz pastoralists. Pastoralists moved for a number of reasons other than following water and forage for their herds. Herders also moved to avoid neighboring peoples and government control, thus reducing disease, insects, and competition for resources, while abstaining from taxation and circumscription into military service. (Nowak amp; Laird, 2010) In the past, the Basseri of Iran were nomadic pastoralists, but the Basseri have started to come into a culture of a more advanced technological culture in today’s time. The Basseri have now become more dvanced in their culture with the world we all live in today while respecting the culture they came from in decades past. The social organization of the Basseri is clearly simple, but effective as a organized system of leadership. The Basseri chief is the head of a very strongly centralized political system and has immense authority over all the members of the Basseri tribe. The chief, in his dealing with the headmen, draws on their power and influence but does not delegate any of his own power back to them. Some material goods – mostly gifts of some economic and prestige value, such as riding horses and weapons – flow from the chief to the headmen. A headman is in a politically convenient position: he can communicate much more freely with the chief than can ordinary tribesmen, and thus can bring up cases that are to his own advantage and, to some extent, block or delay the discussion of matters detrimental to his own interests. Nonetheless, the political power that a headman derives from the chief is very limited. Johnson, 1996) The Basseri as noted are divided into camps of tents, which may or may not have a headman present in a particular camp. If a camp does not have a headman present, then that camp will usually have an informal leader who were recognized by the other headmen, but had no formal recognition by the Basseri chief. For this reason (not being formally recognized by the Basseri chief) the informal leaders still usually answered to an â€Å"official† h eadman in another camp which could bring things up before the chief if something needed to be addressed. The head of the household (or tent) would be the person responsible for bringing things up to an informal leader or a headman for discussion with the chief when things needed to be brought to the attention of the chief for social or political discussion. This political organization is not so hard to grasp as one of a huge population like we see in the United States. In summary, one could see that there are tents that housed families, a head of household for that tent, an informal leader or headman and finally the chief (who would be over many different camps and tents within those camps). This political organization would be closely compared to, for instance, a police department chain of command in where you have the chief, then the captains (compared to the headmen), then sergeants (informal leaders), corporals (heads of households), and finally the troops (members of the individual households). This was a way I could compare and understand the political organization of the Basseri people easily. The economic function of the Basseri was that of true importance to the tents/households ability to sustain themselves. The economic function of the Basseri lies in the occupancy of pastures throughout the migratory fashion of the Basseri. Tents are the basic element of the economic unit in the Basseri community. As much as they are social units, tents are also the basic units of production and consumption. In the summer, there might have been as many as thirty or forty tents that made up a camp; however in the winter months, camps were reduced down to approximately two to five tents and were separated from other camps by three or four kilometers. The Basseri keep a variety of domesticated animals, but sheep and goats have the greatest economic importance. Other domesticated animals include donkeys for transport and riding (mainly by women and children), horses for riding only (predominately by men), camels for heavy transport and wool, and dogs for keeping watch in camp. (Johnson, 1996) Their products obtained from their flocks sustain the Basseri community. The Basseris’ most important products for trade included milk, lambskins, and wool, in that order. The Basseri spins, weave wool and goat-hair, and make their own tent poles, pack-saddles, and cordage. The rest of their equipment is bought from townsmen and gypsies, their vegetable food from villagers. Some of the Basseri own village lands from which they receive shares of the crops. (Coon, 1962) Community members trade in their milk, hides and other animal products at bazaars in surrounding towns and use this money to purchase other types of food such as vegetables, clothing and other necessities. As John Dowling argues, it is informative to contrast the Basseri with another pastoral people, the Turkana of Tanganyika. Both the Basseri and the Turkana are nomadic, both have productive organizations that are family based, both pasture their animals on tribally owned lands to which all individuals have usufruct rights, and in both societies animals are culturally ascribed to individuals property. But the orientation of the Turkana pastoralist is vastly different than that of the Basseri. The Turkana pastoralist produces primarily for consumption, the Basseri for sale. (Dowling, 1975) Dowling goes on to say that the Basseri go frequently to the market, buying material for women’s clothing, men’s ready made clothing, goods of tanned leather (shoes, saddles, etc. ), wheat flour (a staple), sugar, tea, dates, fruits, vegetables, glass ware, china, metal articles (cooking utensils, etc. ), narcotics, luxury goods such as women’s jewelry and carpets, and, for those who are able, land. The Turkana could live without external trade; they are self-sufficient subsistence producers. The Basseri are market dependent. (Dowling, 1975) Gender roles of the Basseri were clearly defined and adhered to by the members of the Basseri camps and tents. The gender roles of the Basseri are clearly defined by the community. When it comes to the tent, all authority lies with the husband (head of household). The husband was the decision-making person in the household and all were expected to adhere to the decisions made by the husband. Women had less significant power and were generally their roles were to take care of the day-to-day domestic operations of the tent or household. Women were also considered part of a man’s wealth and it was quite common for a wealthy man to marry more than one wife. Daughters had no rights in choosing a marriage partner as this decision was solely made by the husband/father and the father of the boy the daughter was to marry. Most families viewed the girl children as a means of gaining wealth since they understood that the girl would attract a certain amount of bride wealth into the family. The boy child was of more use to the community as a whole. The boys could look after the herds (even though there were cases that I read where girls were allowed to do shepherding duties as well) and protect and help the communities in the struggle between other communities. Marriage among the Basseri was arranged and it was not possible for a girl of the tent to have much of a say in who she would marry. As stated before, the Basseri of Iran have households that are referred to as tents; within a tent, there were nuclear families that had members of households headed by the husband who was considered head of his tent or household. The husband or head of the tent was the one who made all arrangements for marriages of his sons and daughters under their tents. The husbands would discuss with members of other tents who show interests in his sons or daughters and together, they would arrange marriages between the sons and daughters of other tents or households. The parties that were to get married usually had very little options but to accept what had been decided for them and accepted the marriage. The father of the bride would have to pay the bride price in the form of livestock and would also be expected to give a share of his animals to the new couple as a form of inheritance. This inheritance ould form the means of subsistence for the newly married couple/family. A married man may arrange subsequent marriages for himself, whereas all women and unmarried boys are subject to the authority of a marriage guardian, who is the head of their household. The marriage contract is often drawn up and written by a nontribal ritual specialist, or holy man. It stipulates certain bride-payments for the girl and the domestic equipment she is expected to bring, and the divorce or widow’s insurance, which is a prearranged share of the husband’s estate, payable upon divorce or in the event of his death. Johnson, 1996) Basseri are slowly becoming more and more settled in todays society and some are moving away from the traditional nomadic pastoralist ways of culture and moving towards a more modern approach to life. While there are still nomadic pastoralists today among the Basseri, many of the Basseri have begun to settle down and become a more settled culture. Poverty and debt lead a household to consume their capital in livestock; this makes them poorer, which makes it harder to make ends meet. More capital is consumed, and with no alternative sources of wealth available, settlement is inevitable. (Bradburd, 1989) Successful Basseri build up their herds, accumulating hundreds or thousands of animals. Fearful of losing their wealth to disease and the vulnerabilities of nature, herders convert this capital into an alternative form of wealth, such as land in local villages. The land is cultivated by villagers as tenant farmers, including unsuccessful Basseri who lost their herds and ended up as agricultural laborers. Nowak amp; Laird, 2010) Bradburd argues that not only poor Basseri settled; wealthy Basseri were driven to settle both by the risks of pastoralism, which threatened them with a return to poverty, and by the fact that the economic realities of their situation did not provide a return commensurate with their risk. (Bradburd, 1989) With increased modernization, many of the Basseri have learned of other subsistence means that are more profitable and have shifted away from the traditional Basseri culture or pastoralists. Traditionally, the Basseri of south western Iran are nomadic pastoralists and they continue to be that way in today’s time, but the number of traditional nomadic pastoralists among the Basseri people a very few. Most Basseri have begun to move towards a more modern approach in living and have settled down in villages or even more urban areas to obtain jobs that sustain life easier than their ancestors had in previous years. In the past, the Basseri of Iran were nomadic pastoralists, but the Basseri have started to come into a culture of a more advanced technological culture in today’s time. The Basseri have now become more advanced in their culture with the world we all live in today while respecting the culture they came from in decades past. Most texts agree that many of the settled people in the southwestern area of Iran either were Basseri or are descendants of Basseri. Even though there are still traditional nomadic pastoralist Basseri in the region, they have become small in number; but the one’s that exist today, value their lifestyle and don’t want to change the way they have been living for many years.

Safety and risk management

Abstract Safety and risks have continuously caused a lot of interest in workplace environment. The reason is that workplace hazards have resulted in increased injuries and deaths. As such, risk and safety management is critical in ensuring safe working environment. Moreover, managing risk and safety in the workplace often begin by organisations’ commitment to healthy and safety working environment.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Safety and risk management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, organisation’s managers need the understanding and corporation of all stakeholders in order to implement established safety measures. Management has to demonstrate their commitment to safety measures in order to attain the objectives of the safety procedures. The paper tends to explore various approaches to safety and risk management procedures particularly within organisations. Moreover, the paper wil l draw from the work of various scholars to explore the concepts of risk and safety management. Introduction Managing risk and safety in the workplace often begin by organisations’ commitment to healthy and safety working environment. Moreover, organisations’ managers need the understanding and corporation of all stakeholders in order to implement established safety measures. Management has to demonstrate their commitment to safety measures in order to attain the objectives of the safety procedures (Clarke 360). Such commitments are demonstrated through constant involvement in safety issues, investments in safety measures and ensuring that all stakeholders understand the needs for safety. Safe workplace environment are often attained through risk and safety management process. Safety and management process is a series of systems put in place to ensure risks and hazards occurring in the workplace are prevented. As such, safety and risk management revolves around prevent ion of possible hazards within the workplace. Risk and safety management The management of risk within an organisation involves a series of steps and procedures ranging from identification of the probable hazard to establishing control measures particularly on the impending impact of the possible hazard. Within the continuum of procedures are the assessments, prioritisation, coordination, evaluation and application of resources to reduce the possibility of hazardous occurrences (Brenner 251). Modern organisations establish procedural measures that ensure reduction of the possibility of risk occurrences while optimising on attaining probable prospects. In the organisation setting, risks arise from varied sources. In particular, risks may result from uncertainties in financial management, legal charges, project failures, natural disasters, industrial accidents, natural causes as well as an attack from competitors. Risks from any source pose a serious threat to the growth and developme nt of the organisation (Bjerkan 451). Even though occurrences of risks may be unpredictable, most organisations are establishing procedures and standards that would mitigate the occurrences of hazards.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, risk management standards have been developed across various organisations and institutions. However, their scope, objectives, goals and methods varies with the context in which it is developed. For instance, risk standards for project management differ with the standards set for engineering and security. In other words, risk management standards are unique to a given area. The risk management procedures are based on the strategies established to manage uncertainties having harmful impacts. Such strategies involve transfer of probable risk, understanding the potential benefits as well as reducing the harmful effect (Bjerkan 451). Moreo ver, understanding the potential benefits of uncertainties is one of the most important strategies in managing risks. The standards and procedures in risk management As indicated, risk management involves a series of steps ranging from identification of the probable hazard to establishing control measures. Identification is the understanding or measuring the possibilities of any potential hazards occurrences. In fact, identification is the process of knowing the type of risk that would occur (Fenn 467). Once the risk has been identified, assessment is done on the probability of occurrence as well as the consequences. Evaluations are undertaken to determine the consequences and possible duration the risk is likely to take in order to occur. Risk assessments are often carried out through the application of various procedures. However, scientific methods are preferred in the evaluation of risks. In ideal management of risks, prioritisation involves arranging hazards according to the ef fects and possibilities of occurrences. Hazards with the most harmful effect as well as risks with the highest possibility of occurring are given first priority. Prioritisation enables management to deal first with risks that have increased possibilities of occurrence as well as those with greater impacts (Brenner 251). However, identifying risks with the highest probability of occuring but having low impacts and hazards with high impacts but low probability of occurring could be challenging. In practice, identification, assessing and prioritisation of such risks are quite difficult. Some aspects of risk management create serious challenge to the organisations. For instance, dealing with intangible, relationship, process-engagement as well as knowledge risks have been demanding to most organisations. Intangible risks often have the highest possibility of occurring.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Safety and risk management specifically for you for on ly $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, such risks are overlooked by organisations because of deficiencies in the capacity to detect such risks. Moreover, knowledge risks become visible when scarce comprehension is applied in a particular state of affairs. In the same context, relationship risks occur when unproductive relationships come about (Fenn 467). In addition, process engagement risks take place when an organisation applies unsuccessful operational procedures. The identified risks are directly involved in the reduction of organisations’ productivity particularly on skilled workforce. Moreover, such risks have direct impact the firms earning due to reduced quality in products and services. Further, intangible risks reduce the brand popularity and quality. Intangible risks increase the cost of operations both directly and indirectly. Understanding the problems associated with intangible risks enables organisations enhance their efforts towards risk reducti on procedures. Problems also emerge during distribution of funds to various sectors or sections. In most cases, resource allocation involves prioritisation and opportunity costs. Organisations often find it difficult to allocate resources in the risk and safety management when other sections are of high priority. In other words, risk management is not often prioritized in many organisations. However, organisations that invest in risk management have benefits with positive long-term effects on the operations (Fenn 467). In appropriate management of risks, expenditures on other areas such as labour are minimized while negative impacts of any hazard are also reduced. The reason is that reduction of negative effects of risks contributes equally to the general profits organisation gain from investment in other areas considered important. Essentially, the management of risks is equally important business process that organisations have to undertake. Principles of safety and risk managemen t Practically, safety and risk management should create value to the organisation. In other words, the gains from resources invested in the mitigation of safety hazards should be more than the impacts of the vulnerability to danger. In other words, resources spent on the prevention of hazards should be less in relation to the impacts of not taking action. Moreover, safety and risk management should be incorporated in the organisations’ activities. Besides being part of the organisations’ decision-making processes, safety and risk management procedures should adequately deal with improbability and suppositions. In addition, safety and risk management procedures should be efficient and well thought-out. In addition to transparency and inclusiveness, safety and risk management system should be tailored towards desired outcome and based on the informed opinion. Moreover, safety management system should take into consideration human factors, self-motivation and be iterative as well as receptive to constant transformations. Further, procedures in the safety and risk management system should be susceptible to continuous improvement and development.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The processes in risk and safety management As indicated, the processes in risk and safety management consist of various steps and procedures ranging from identification of the possible danger to establishing mitigation. Besides, the risk and safety management processes should follow the standard procedures as set out in the regulatory frameworks or institutions. In risk management, the process often begins from context establishment. Establishing the context is the process of identifying the framework or outline that will guide the management procedures. The framework is also provided in the safety management system. Workplace safety management Most organisations are required to establish safety management systems in their operations. The safety management systems are the efficient and organised approach to executing safety measures. In broad categorisation, safety management systems comprises of organisations’ structures, measures of accountability, strategies and methods ( Brenner 251). Specifically, the safety management systems consists of various elements including precise dedications to safety by the organisations’ administration, appointing employees to be in charge of safety measures, prior identification of risks and mitigations, investigating and auditing safety measures as well as safety performance evaluation. The elements of the safety management system are within the required safety practices and standards. The major aim of integrating safety management structures into the functions of organisation is to decrease the chances of accidents occurrences and to improve employees’ safety particularly in high-risk industries (Bjerkan 452). Currently, safety management systems are rarely evaluated in most organisations yet safety concerns are on the rise. The reason is that most organisations have not developed appropriate empirical safety evaluation procedures that would enable proper functioning of the safety management systems. Mo reover, it has not been empirically determined whether some elements in the safety management system have more influence. However, studies indicate that management commitments and sufficient safety communications have greater effect on the attitudes to safety (Bjerkan 451). Organisations that have strong commitments to safety and invest on safety measures always have positive benefits from the safety standards. In the context of high-risk organisations, safety management systems are the planned, acknowledged and certifiable procedures of administering vulnerability to danger and related risk. In other words, safety management system is the procedural approach to risk management. As indicated, managing risks require organisations’ structures that support implementation of the set procedures, accountabilities on the part of management as well as strategies geared towards attaining the safety goals (Fenn 467). Even though various organisations have different approaches to safety and risk management, the most applied standard procedures include the recognition of safety measures, counteractive action or activity that would ensure sustenance of safety performance, regular evaluation and constant monitoring of safety performance and ensuring incessant enhancement on safety measures (Clarke 360). The procedural approaches to the risk management have to be supported by empirical evidence. In other words, the safety management system must be based on scientific methods and evidences. In fact, safety management systems reflect a collective practices and strategies that organisations utilise to ensure safety of their workers as well as other stakeholders. However, the safety management system is a general approach to safety standards. Nevertheless, organisations are advised to devise their own systems of risk management depending on the circumstances, type of business processes and operations as well as industry. In other words, organisations are expected to be ac countable for the administration of their distinctive engineering risks. As such, self-regulations on safety management are imperative. Essentially, self-regulations on safety management are founded on the notion that organisations have to be accountable for the management of its exceptional hazard profile (Bjerkan 449). In other words, self-regulations present the need for organisations to take rational realistic procedures that would ensure safety of their employees. Self-regulations are supported by the need of organisations to have better safety management system. In addition, the need to have increased management initiatives to safety as well as augmented participation on the part of employees form the basis for self-regulations in safety management. Essentially, self-regulatory activities should be founded on the standard safety management systems particularly in a high-risk environment (Bjerkan 449). Safety management systems are combination of safety-related procedures that enable organisations carry out their roles within the continuum of self-regulations. Self-regulations and safety management systems procedures has proved to be effective in safety management across industries. However, the emphasis has been on the workplace health and safety. The benefits of safety management system Whereas safety management systems procedures are different according to each industrial domain, the premise is that the procedures would result in increased safety performance (Bjerkan 449). Moreover, the real benefits of safety management system are varied within the organisation. Essentially, safety management system is critical to the success of organisations. Appropriate execution of safety management system should result in the attainment of the organisations’ goals. In addition, the implementation of safety management system should enhance the organisations’ safety performance through prior identification and putting in place measures that would lead to the reduction of hazards. Effective implementation of safety management system would lead to the reduction of accidents occurrences particularly within high-risk organisations. Reduced occurrences of incidences and accidents also lead to reduced costs (Clarke 360). In essence, appropriate safety management system procedures would lead to the reduction of both direct and indirect costs associated with safety and risk management. Indirect costs include insurance premium as well as hospital bills that organisations may incur because of hazardous incidences. However, with proper management of safety procedures, such indirect costs are reduced considerably. Other benefits include safety recognition by the organisations’ stakeholders including clients and employees. Such recognitions are critical for the positive relationship organisations build with the stakeholders as well as communities in which they operates. In other words, organisations will be perceived as socially and et hically responsible particularly when the concern is on risks associated with environmental hazards (Bjerkan 451). Generally, effective safety management system leads to the prevention of incidences and accidents related to hazards. Studies indicate that organisations with effective safety management procedures have reduced chances of accidents occurring. In addition, such organisations have increased benefits of safety measures. Moreover, organisations with practicable and appropriate safety management system have a proof of diligence in case legal safety investigations are conducted. However, the benefits vary with the organisation and industry. In high-risk industries, the benefits of appropriate safety management system are more pronounced (Fenn 467). Conclusion The risk management process involves a series of steps and procedures ranging from identification of the probable hazard to establishing control measures particularly on the impending impact of the possible danger. Furth er, the process begins by establishing context. Establishing the context is the process of identifying the framework or outline that will guide the management procedures. However, within the continuum of procedures are the assessments, prioritisation, coordination, evaluation and application of resources to reduce the possibility of hazardous occurrences. Modern organisations establish procedural measures that ensure reduction of the possibility of risk occurrences while optimising on attaining probable prospects. In the context of managing security in the workplace, safety management systems are established. Safety management systems comprises of organisations’ structures, measures of accountability, strategies and methods. Specifically, the safety management systems consists of various elements consisting of precise dedication to safety by the organisation administration, appointing employees in charge of safety measures, prior identification of risks and mitigations, inves tigating and auditing safety measures as well as safety performance evaluation. As indicated, managing safety and risks in the workplace involves various processes including identification of the risks, evaluation and prioritisation. Even though scholars tend to differentiate the two concepts, management practitioners use the terms interchangeably in workplace safety management. In addition, there are no specified standard procedures that have to be followed in risk and safety management. Studies indicate that organisations tend to adopt measures that are appropriate to the situation and industry in which they operate. Works Cited Bjerkan, Anne. â€Å"Health, environment, safety culture and climate – analysing the relationships to occupational accidents.† Journal of Risk Research, 13.1 (2010): 445-477. Print. Brenner, Mark â€Å"‘Flexible’ work practices and occupational safety and health: exploring the relationship between cumulative trauma disorders and workplace transformation.† Industrial Relations, 43.4 (2004): 242-266. Print. Clarke, Sharon â€Å"A meta-analytic review of the Big Five personality factors and accident involvement in occupational and non-occupational settings.† Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78.6, (2005): 355-376. Print. Fenn, Paul. â€Å"Workplace risk, establishment size and union density.† British Journal of Industrial Relations, 42.16 (2004): 461-480. Print. 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How does Reginald Rose establish and maintain a sense of tension in Twelve Angry Men Essay Example

How does Reginald Rose establish and maintain a sense of tension in Twelve Angry Men Paper Throughout the play Twelve Angry Men, the author Reginald Rose uses multiple dramatic techniques to establish and maintain a sense of tension. In this essay, I will analyze these techniques and suggest how they make the storyline so effective. Reginald Rose bases all of the tension and suspense around the social and historical context of the era. At the time, Americans are concerned with the huge influx of immigrants and there is a great deal of racial tension between Juror 11 and the other jurors. Each separate juror has their own background, personality and morals and inside the jury room we see how they react to each other and the dynamics of the group. On the face of it, the case put forward to them seems clear cut, but the arguments which evolve from the individual differences between each juror completely change the final outcome. Although a plot which is set in one singly location throughout its duration seems dull, Rose has used a small but particular set of techniques to mould Twelve Angry Men into the play it is and eventually produce one of the most thrilling pieces of literature of the past century. We will write a custom essay sample on How does Reginald Rose establish and maintain a sense of tension in Twelve Angry Men specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How does Reginald Rose establish and maintain a sense of tension in Twelve Angry Men specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How does Reginald Rose establish and maintain a sense of tension in Twelve Angry Men specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer These techniques include: the set, the weather outside, stage directions, contrasts of changes in mood and tone, gesture, conflicts and alliances between jurors and the backgrounds of each juror. All of these are used at least once to demonstrate the atmosphere and growing tension inside the jury room. The play opens to an empty stage with the judge issuing his final orders to the jury. They must deliberate honestly and thoughtfully but also with a good conscience. The ruthlessness of the situation is immediately made clear when the judge reveals that the death sentence is mandatory in this case and that the bench will not entertain a recommendation for mercy. Rose has implemented tension almost immediately and this proves to have a great effect on the audience. The brief pause which follows indicates the jurors have suddenly realised the severity of the situation which they now find themselves in. The words I dont envy your job are another indication of this. Rose has very deliberately done this as if to emphasise the words of the judge. With nothing else happening on stage, the audience will take in and understand his words as if they were the jurors themselves. Then tension has already been transferred from the stage to the audience a technique that brings a sense of realism to the play. The audience are suddenly feeling the tension and grave responsibility resting on the shoulders of the jurors. Juror 7 who seems to be the least concerned about the case in hand and more worried about a baseball match he is meant to be attending begins to diffuse this tension by offering a fellow juror a stick of gum. This signifies the contrasting attitudes towards the case inside the room and as far as an opening line goes, it suggests that the rest of the play may take a more laid back attitude. So within two pages, we have already experienced two twists that Rose has intentionally used to generate a sense of tension and uncertainty. Throughout Act One, Juror 8 emerges as the stand out character in the play. His arguments and disagreements with Juror 3 become a focus of not just the Act but the play as well. And as Juror 8 begins to persuade more of the other jurors that the boy on trial may be innocent, Juror 3 struggles to hide his frustration until tensions boil over at the end of the Act. Juror 3 has unintentionally divulged that he has a son similar to the boy on trial. He says: Ive got one (a son). Hes twenty. We did everything for that boy and what happened? When he was nine he ran away from a fight. Well, I made a man outa him all right. When he was sixteen we had a battle. He hit me in the face. Hes big, yknow. You work your heart out. This is a vital moment in the play. Suddenly, the whole background of one of the jurors is clouding the discussions which are taking place. Juror 3 envies his son and seems determined to take revenge on the boy on trial who he views as a similar boy to his son. The tension built up by this is intense and reflects on the other jurors. A spat between Jurors 10 and 5 breaks out as a result of the growing tension inside the room. And as Act One draws to a close, Rose demonstrates that tension is rising to the point of brinkmanship. Juror 3 rants: Shut up, you son of a bitch! Let go of me, God damn it! Ill kill him! Ill kill him. Juror 8 pounces and says: You dont really mean youll kill me, do you? The tension here is considerably higher than the rest of the play. A clear rivalry had broken out between two of the jurors and their fierce arguments take centre stage. Rose is using conflicts between jurors as a key technique in creating tension in the play. Act Two begins almost oppositely to how the proceeding Act ended. The other Jurors are trying to diffuse the tension in the air, and Juror 12 sheepishly kicks-off discussions again. Jurors 3 and 8 seem to disappear into the background after the climax in tension moments earlier. Despite watching from a distance for most of the play, the fierce discussions between Jurors 3 and 8 have rubbed off on the other jurors. They are snappier and seem on edge. Juror 7 sarcastically criticises Juror 6: Great idea. Maybe we can follow this one up with dancing and refreshments. This unpleasant atmosphere is reflected in the stormy weather outside another technique which creates tension that Rose has used to great effect. Even when proceedings return to some degree of normality, the regular ballots which are held maintain some level of tension. These also constantly remind the reader of where the jury stand on the case and this is a ploy by Rose to deliberately create this effect. Whereas at the beginning of the play, all the jurors were reasonably polite in their discussions with each other, small arguments start to crop up. The depressing atmosphere of the case has made an impact on the jurors themselves and the very civil deliberations have broken out into disorderly ramblings. Another technique used to create tension is when certain characters talk to each other about the case away from the rest of the characters. Like Juror 3 and Juror 8 made enemies of one another, soon the alliances which have been formed become clear in the deliberations. A good example of this in Act Two when the Forman and Juror 8 begin to talk about the incessant rain which is pouring down outside. Juror 3 meanwhile is gaining support from Juror 4 who still insists that the boy is guilty. These alliances are a focal point of the play and they contribute huge amounts to the tension. As each ballot is called, the numbers on each side change and so do the rivalries within the group. Juror 7, for instance, seemed convinced that the boy was guilty until he is eventually persuaded otherwise. The tension of the play reaches a non-stop crescendo as the storyline draws to a close. Just one Juror, Juror 3, is still in favour of a guilty verdict and he says: I dont care whether Im alone or not. Its my right. Do you think Im an idiot or something? You lousy bunch of bleeding hearts. Youre not going to intimidate me. Im entitled to my opinion. I can sit in this goddamn room for a year. From that moment on, it looks as if the Jury will not be able to reach a unanimous verdict. The story looks like having a disappointing ending, until a dramatic, sudden twist that not even the most learned audience members would have been expecting. Rose performs the most audacious of U-turns with suspense as much as tension and suddenly Juror 3s resistance is broken. And his backtrack comes as even more of a surprise after this bold statement: It was his father. That goddamn rotten kid. I know him. What theyre like. What they do to you. How they kill you every day. My God, dont you see? How come Im the only one who sees? Jeez, I can feel that knife goin in. You can almost reach out and touch the tension here. The entire Jury have practically begged Juror 3 to change his vote and spare the boy his life but he seems unwilling to oblige at this critical moment. The atmosphere in the room is anger as much as disappointment. Yet, Rose has not described this at all. The mere build up of tension in the pages before have provided the reader with enough information to gather the circumstances and feelings inside the room at this very moment. Juror 8, knowing that this would be his last plea, says: Its not your boy. Hes somebody elses before Juror 4, who had been on Juror 3s side for practically the entire case, delivers the most potent line of the entire play: Let him live. As the stage directions describe, theres a long pause before Juror 3 finally reveals that he has changed his mind. Out of choice or because of the mounting opposition he faced inside the room we will never know, but Juror 3 says weeping: All right. Not guilty. The huge ball of tensions almost swirling above the jurors suddenly diffuses. The case is over. The audience as well as the jurors breathe a sigh of relief. The rollercoaster ride which Reginald Rose has taken 12 men and one boy on slams to a dramatic halt. So as you can see, Reginald Rose uses multiple dramatic techniques to establish and maintain a sense of tension which makes 12 Angry Men the fantastic thriller that it is.

sliver essays

sliver essays In the Decameron by Giovanni Boccaccio, women are portrayed as both aggressive and strong, as well as week and submissive. Giovanni Boccaccio was a man born in the wrong era since most writers were portraying women as objects for men and the women were almost always conniving. Boccaccio gave the women in his story a brain and showed that women ca Ernest Hemingway pulled from his past present experiences to develop his own thoughts concerning death, relationships, and lies. He then mixed these ideas, along with a familiar setting, to create a masterpiece. One such masterpiece written early in Hemingway's career is the short story, "Ind Literary Interpretation of The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Gilman I did not intend to drive people crazy, but to save people from being driven crazy... said Charlotte Perkins Gilman, author or The Yellow Wallpaper. Indeed this story could very easily drive one crazy. However, like Ms. Gilman stated, I dont believe that was h The Yellow Wallpaper - Journey into Insanity In "The Yellow Wallpaper", by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, the dominant/submissive relationship between an oppressive husband and his submissive wife pushes her from depression into insanity. Flawed human nature seems to play a great role in her breakdown. Her husband, a noted physician, is unwilling to admit that there might really b Thematic Comparison ofRevelation?,A Good Man A woman assaulted, a car accident ending with the car on its side, and an execution of an entire family make up images commonly found in horror stories or movies but rarely found in humor. Yet Flannery O?Connor, a female writer in the mid-1900's, found a way to incorporate them into her religiously themed sh ...

Is the NHS doing enough to combat hospital acquired infections Essay

Is the NHS doing enough to combat hospital acquired infections - Essay Example The first is transmission from pathogens that may be found on the surface of the hands of the health personnel. Secondly, the infections can also be transmitted through dirty air purification systems, contaminated water, unhygienic staff as well as improper physical layout of the hospital leading to congestion. The level of sickness of a patient and the length of time that he stays in hospital can also facilitate the transmission of pathogens (Davey P.  2005 pp. 33-37). Clostridium difficile is the most common hospital acquired infection that causes diarrhea. It occurs as a result of toxins produced by the bacteria which cause damage to the bowel thereby causing diarrhea. It is usually spread through contamination of surfaces with the bacteria from the stool of an infected person. Prevention can be achieved through cleanliness in the hospital surfaces and most importantly, washing of hands after visiting the toilet facilities. Staphylococcus aureus is also common bacteria which are found on the skin surface as well as inside the nose of even people who are healthy. The infections on the skin are normally minor with symptoms of boils.  In more complicated situations, the bacteria may result in fever, ache and serious infections. This usually occurs amongst people who have a frail immunity. As in C. difficile prevention of its spread includes promotion of hand hygiene. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Enterococci are bacteria that are usually found in the bowels of human beings as well as the skin. The infections may crop up anyplace within in the body, such as in the intestines and the urinary tract. These infections are usually difficult to treat. Control measures include tracking incidences and reporting on regular basis (Wenzel R, 2001 pp. 22-26). Clostridium difficile and MRSA are the most common hospital transmitted infections in the United Kingdom. The two kinds of infections are usually caused by improper hygienic practices amongst the patients and

Clear and Simple as the Truth in Dressing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Clear and Simple as the Truth in Dressing - Essay Example Meaning (p.59) that writing is thinking about the paper and thought is writing on the mind.   Before the ideology of the war tragedy come to be on the paper, it must be concrete in the writer’s mind, thus the time comes when the stylistic ability of the writer brings the war tragedy already written the mind to be as concrete as it should be. In what seems practical, thought proceeds speech, meaning that writing is not thinking, but rather the reverse is true. Keagan's war tragedy is written as a stylistic output of the written story in the mind of the writer that it becomes more concrete and tangible. Truly, a classic writer presents the concrete diamond and its aesthetic beauty as if both are visible, clear, and exact. Before the ideology of the war tragedy come to be on the paper, it must be concrete in the writer’s mind, thus the time comes when the stylistic ability of the writer brings the war tragedy already written the mind to be as concrete as it should be.

Development of Aging Tourists Market in China Dissertation

Development of Aging Tourists Market in China - Dissertation Example Studies conducted by The World Health Organization revealed that ageing population includes the people who are 60 years of more of age. Although this population is more prone to opt for tourism opportunities, however, tourism management authorities have not been encouraging this because of the various costs that are involved with this from which the major ones include cost of security, medical and time. Tourism management refers to the management of all the activities that are related to tourism and this also includes those activities that are related to tourism. Furthermore, they also have to implement strategies that promote tourism and provide easy access to people for the purpose of tourism. Tourism Consumption System The authors, Dubelaar and Woodsie (2002) have defined the tourism consumption system (TCS) as the set of related travel thoughts, decisions, and behaviors by a discretionary traveler prior to, during, and following a trip. The central proposition that the authors have given by this theory is that the thoughts, decisions, and behaviors with regards to an activity have a major impact on the thoughts, decisions, and behaviors for the other activities. Further in the article, the authors have used exit interview travel data and quick clustering analysis for the purpose of examining the seven main propositions of tourism consumption system on the basis of which the tourists take decisions. It has also been said by the authors that this approach is very beneficial for the marketers and practitioners with regards to tourism and this would greatly help them in increasing the effectiveness of the tourism marketing strategies. Tourism Behavior The set of responses that the people develop with regards to tourism develop tourism behavior and this determines their likeliness and their interest. There are some elders who opt for places which are more lively and colorful while there are some people in the ageing population who prefer going to places which are calm and serene. Sustainable Tourism According to Dubelaar and Woodsie (2002), tourism involves a certain cost which can be monetary as well as time and energy of the tourists. Since the ageing popula